Siavash Golkar, Mariel Pettee, Michael Eickenberg et al. · cambridge
Due in part to their discontinuous and discrete default encodings for numbers, Large Language Models (LLMs) have not yet been commonly used to process numerically-dense scientific datasets. Rendering datasets as text, however, could help aggregate diverse and multi-modal scientific data into a single training corpus, thereby potentially facilitating the development of foundation models for science. In this work, we introduce xVal, a strategy for continuously tokenizing numbers within language models that results in a more appropriate inductive bias for scientific applications. By training specially-modified language models from scratch on a variety of scientific datasets formatted as text, we find that xVal generally outperforms other common numerical tokenization strategies on metrics including out-of-distribution generalization and computational efficiency.