Greta Dolcetti, Giulio Zizzo, Sergio Maffeis
We present an experimental evaluation that assesses the robustness of four open source LLMs claiming function-calling capabilities against three different attacks, and we measure the effectiveness of eight different defences. Our results show how these models are not safe by default, and how the defences are not yet employable in real-world scenarios.
Xin Fan Guo, Xinran Zheng, Albert Merono Penuela et al.
Anomaly-based ML-NIDS (A-NIDS) model normal network behavior from benign data and classify deviations from this baseline as anomalies, theoretically enabling the detection of evolving attack variants without labeled attack data. The ability of A-NIDS to generalize critically depends on the quality of the feature space representing network behavior. However, the requirement for feature spaces that encode attack-relevant semantics has received little attention and remains poorly understood. As a consequence, these systems still struggle to meet practical operational constraints (low false positive rates without compromising detection performance and generalization to attack variants). We identify two limitations in the current feature spaces. First, Out-of-Dimension Blindness, where features do not capture essential attack mechanism properties. Second, Attack Strategy Aggregation Failure, where features cannot encode composite attack behaviors. Moreover, we demonstrate that two SotA data-driven generalization frameworks (based on incremental and contrastive learning) cannot compensate for these feature-level shortcomings. To bridge this gap, we present KnowML, a framework that encodes attack domain knowledge directly into the feature space. For each attack family, our method employs LLMs to construct a corresponding Knowledge Graph (KG) from attack implementations. Symbolic reasoning is then applied over the KG to enumerate potential attack strategies and their compositions. The resulting Knowledge-Augmented Feature Space enables effective generalization even when trained exclusively on benign traffic, a capability beyond current approaches. Systematic empirical evaluations show that KnowML achieves up to 99% detection rates while maintaining false positive rates at or below 0.0137%, substantially outperforming contemporary feature-based baselines across diverse attack variants.