Timothy Elvira

Lynn Vonderhaar, Timothy Elvira, Tyler Thomas Procko et al.

With the ubiquity of computer vision in industry, the importance of image provenance is becoming more apparent. Provenance provides information about the origin and derivation of some resource, e.g., an image dataset, enabling users to trace data changes to better understand the expected behaviors of downstream models trained on such data. Provenance may also help with data maintenance by ensuring compliance, supporting audits and improving reusability. Typically, if provided, provenance is stored separately, e.g., within a text file, leading to a loss of descriptive information for key details like image capture settings, data preprocessing steps, and model architecture or iteration. Images often lack the information detailing the parameters of their creation or compilation. This paper proposes a novel schema designed to structure image provenance in a manageable and coherent format. The approach utilizes JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data (JSON-LD), embedding this provenance directly within the image file. This offers two significant benefits: (1) it aligns image descriptions with a robust schema inspired by and linked to established standards, and (2) it ensures that provenance remains intrinsically tied to images, preventing loss of information and enhancing system qualities, e.g., maintainability and adaptability. This approach emphasizes maintaining the direct connection between vision resources and their provenance.

Lynn Vonderhaar, Timothy Elvira, Tyler Procko et al.

Countless domains rely on Machine Learning (ML) models, including safety-critical domains, such as autonomous driving, which this paper focuses on. While the black box nature of ML is simply a nuisance in some domains, in safety-critical domains, this makes ML models difficult to trust. To fully utilize ML models in safety-critical domains, it would be beneficial to have a method to improve trust in model robustness and accuracy without human experts checking each decision. This research proposes a method to increase trust in ML models used in safety-critical domains by ensuring the robustness and completeness of the model's training dataset. Because ML models embody what they are trained with, ensuring the completeness of training datasets can help to increase the trust in the training of ML models. To this end, this paper proposes the use of a domain ontology and an image quality characteristic ontology to validate the domain completeness and image quality robustness of a training dataset. This research also presents an experiment as a proof of concept for this method, where ontologies are built for the emergency road vehicle domain.

Lynn Vonder Haar, Timothy Elvira, Luke Newcomb et al.

Although accuracy and other common metrics can provide a useful window into the performance of an object detection model, they lack a deeper view of the model's decision process. Regardless of the quality of the training data and process, the features that an object detection model learns cannot be guaranteed. A model may learn a relationship between certain background context, i.e., scene level objects, and the presence of the labeled classes. Furthermore, standard performance verification and metrics would not identify this phenomenon. This paper presents a new black box explainability method for additional verification of object detection models by finding the impact of scene level objects on the identification of the objects within the image. By comparing the accuracies of a model on test data with and without certain scene level objects, the contributions of these objects to the model's performance becomes clearer. The experiment presented here will assess the impact of buildings and people in image context on the detection of emergency road vehicles by a fine-tuned YOLOv8 model. A large increase in accuracy in the presence of a scene level object will indicate the model's reliance on that object to make its detections. The results of this research lead to providing a quantitative explanation of the object detection model's decision process, enabling a deeper understanding of the model's performance.