Maksim Savkin

Maksim Savkin, Mikhail Goncharov, Alexander Gambashidze et al.

Recent progress in the development of language models has been defined by scale, with each generation absorbing more of the world's knowledge into its weights. However, many practical applications benefit more from robust reasoning than from extensive parametric knowledge. In this setting, task-specialized small language models (SLMs) offer a principled design choice. We introduce Optimal Cognitive Core (OCC), a family of SLMs built around this premise. As a variant of OCC, we present OCC-RAG, optimized for faithful question answering (QA) grounded in the provided context. This task directly aligns with the OCC design approach, requiring multi-hop reasoning over supplied passages while ignoring memorized knowledge. To train OCC-RAG, we implement a novel pipeline for synthesizing multi-context, multi-hop QA data at scale, producing a corpus of over three million examples targeting multi-hop reasoning, strict context faithfulness, and calibrated abstention. We release OCC-RAG-0.6B and OCC-RAG-1.7B, both mid-trained on this corpus. The models produce structured reasoning traces with source citations grounded in literal quotes from the context. Through OCC-RAG, we demonstrate that compact, task-specialized SLMs can match or exceed general-purpose models 2 -- 6x their size across multi-hop reasoning (HotpotQA, MuSiQue, TAT-QA), faithfulness (ConFiQA), and refusal (MuSiQue-Un) benchmarks.

Elisei Rykov, Kseniia Petrushina, Maksim Savkin et al.

Hallucination detection remains a fundamental challenge for the safe and reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs), especially in applications requiring factual accuracy. Existing hallucination benchmarks often operate at the sequence level and are limited to English, lacking the fine-grained, multilingual supervision needed for a comprehensive evaluation. In this work, we introduce PsiloQA, a large-scale, multilingual dataset annotated with span-level hallucinations across 14 languages. PsiloQA is constructed through an automated three-stage pipeline: generating question-answer pairs from Wikipedia using GPT-4o, eliciting potentially hallucinated answers from diverse LLMs in a no-context setting, and automatically annotating hallucinated spans using GPT-4o by comparing against golden answers and retrieved context. We evaluate a wide range of hallucination detection methods -- including uncertainty quantification, LLM-based tagging, and fine-tuned encoder models -- and show that encoder-based models achieve the strongest performance across languages. Furthermore, PsiloQA demonstrates effective cross-lingual generalization and supports robust knowledge transfer to other benchmarks, all while being significantly more cost-efficient than human-annotated datasets. Our dataset and results advance the development of scalable, fine-grained hallucination detection in multilingual settings.