Muhammad Umer Sheikh

Akashah Shabbir, Muhammad Umer Sheikh, Muhammad Akhtar Munir et al.

Recent progress in multimodal reasoning has enabled agents that can interpret imagery, connect it with language, and perform structured analytical tasks. Extending such capabilities to the remote sensing domain remains challenging, as models must reason over spatial scale, geographic structures, and multispectral indices while maintaining coherent multi-step logic. To bridge this gap, OpenEarthAgent introduces a unified framework for developing tool-augmented geospatial agents trained on satellite imagery, natural-language queries, and detailed reasoning traces. The training pipeline relies on supervised fine-tuning over structured reasoning trajectories, aligning the model with verified multistep tool interactions across diverse analytical contexts. The accompanying corpus comprises 14,538 training and 1,169 evaluation instances, with more than 100K reasoning steps in the training split and over 7K reasoning steps in the evaluation split. It spans urban, environmental, disaster, and infrastructure domains, and incorporates GIS-based operations alongside index analyses such as NDVI, NBR, and NDBI. Grounded in explicit reasoning traces, the learned agent demonstrates structured reasoning, stable spatial understanding, and interpretable behaviour through tool-driven geospatial interactions across diverse conditions. We report consistent improvements over a strong baseline and competitive performance relative to recent open and closed-source models.

Muhammad Akhtar Munir, Muhammad Umer Sheikh, Akashah Shabbir et al.

Earth Observation (EO) is moving beyond static prediction toward multi-step analytical workflows that require coordinated reasoning over data, tools, and geospatial state. While foundation models and vision-language models have expanded representation learning and language-grounded interaction for remote sensing, and agentic AI has demonstrated long-horizon reasoning and external tool use, EO is not a straightforward extension of generic agentic AI. EO workflows operate over georeferenced, multi-modal, and temporally structured data, where operations such as reprojection, resampling, compositing, and aggregation actively transform the underlying state and can constrain subsequent analysis. As a result, errors may propagate silently across steps, and correctness depends not only on internal coherence, but also on geospatial consistency, temporally valid comparisons, and physical validity. This position paper argues that these challenges are structural rather than incidental. We identify the implicit assumptions commonly made in generic agentic models, analyze how they break in geospatial workflows, and characterize the resulting failure modes in multi-step EO pipelines. We then outline design principles for EO-native agents centered on structured geospatial state, tool-aware reasoning, verifier-guided execution, and learning objectives aligned with geospatial and physical validity. Finally, we present research directions spanning EO-specific benchmarks, hybrid supervised and reinforcement learning, constrained self-improvement, and trajectory-level evaluation beyond final-answer accuracy. Building reliable geospatial agents therefore requires rethinking agent design around the physical, geospatial, and workflow constraints that govern EO analysis.

Muhammad Umer Sheikh, Khawar Shehzad, Salman Khan et al.

Climate decision-making in the GCC states increasingly demands systems that can translate heterogeneous scientific and policy evidence into actionable guidance, yet general-purpose large language models (LLMs) remain weak both in region-specific climate knowledge and grounded interaction with geospatial and forecasting tools. We present the GCA framework, which unifies (i) GCA-DS, a curated multimodal dataset grounded in the GCC states, and (ii) Gulf Climate Agent (GCA), a tool-augmented agent for climate analysis. GCA-DS comprises 200k question--answer pairs spanning governmental policies and adaptation plans, NGO and international frameworks, academic literature, and event-driven reporting on heatwaves, dust storms, and floods, complemented with remote-sensing inputs that couple imagery with textual evidence. Building on this foundation, the GCA agent orchestrates a modular tool pipeline grounded in real-time and historical signals and geospatial processing that produces derived indices and interpretable visualizations. Finally, we benchmark open and proprietary LLMs on climate tasks in the GCC states and show that domain fine-tuning and tool integration substantially improve reliability over general-purpose baselines.