Michiel Braat

Zhennan Fei, Rickard Johansson, Mikael Andersson et al.

Software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation is a cornerstone for the validation of modern automotive safety functions. However, many current frameworks utilize ideal sensing, which bypasses the functional insufficiencies of perception algorithms, leading to over-optimistic safety assessments. This paper proposes a perception-informed SIL testing methodology that bridges the gap between ground-truth simulation and real-world perception behavior. We present a framework for incorporating causal probabilistic models into standardized, scenario-based simulation toolchains, applicable to both Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS). Our approach enables the systematic injection of realistic perception errors, such as loss of detection, sizing inaccuracies, and positioning offsets, derived from physical triggering conditions like fog, rain, and object-merging scenarios. By evaluating these ``faults'' within a standardized simulation environment, we demonstrate that perception-informed testing reveals latent operational risks that ideal SIL environments fail to capture, providing a scalable pathway for SOTIF (ISO 21448) validation.

Camiel Oerlemans, Bram Grooten, Michiel Braat et al.

Predicting the behavior of road users accurately is crucial to enable the safe operation of autonomous vehicles in urban or densely populated areas. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in time series motion prediction research, leading to significant advancements in state-of-the-art techniques in recent years. However, the potential of using LiDAR data to capture more detailed local features, such as a person's gaze or posture, remains largely unexplored. To address this, we develop a novel multimodal approach for motion prediction based on the PointNet foundation model architecture, incorporating local LiDAR features. Evaluation on the Waymo Open Dataset shows a performance improvement of 6.20% and 1.58% in minADE and mAP respectively, when integrated and compared with the previous state-of-the-art MTR. We open-source the code of our LiMTR model.

Michiel Braat, Maren Buermann, Marijke van Weperen et al.

Automated driving functions increasingly rely on machine learning for tasks like perception and trajectory planning, requiring large, relevant datasets. The performance of these algorithms depends on how closely the training data matches the task. To ensure reliable functioning, it is crucial to know what is included in the dataset to assess the trained model's operational risk. We aim to enhance the safe use of machine learning in automated driving by developing a method to recognize situations that an automated vehicle has not been sufficiently trained on. This method also improves explainability by describing the dataset at a human-understandable level. We propose modeling driving data as knowledge graphs, representing driving scenes with entities and their relationships. These graphs are queried for specific sub-scene configurations to check their occurrence in the dataset. We estimate a vehicle's competence in a driving scene by considering the coverage and complexity of sub-scene configurations in the training set. Higher complexity scenes require greater coverage for high competence. We apply this method to the NuPlan dataset, modeling it with knowledge graphs and analyzing the coverage of specific driving scenes. This approach helps monitor the competence of machine learning models trained on the dataset, which is essential for trustworthy AI to be deployed in automated driving.