Nuutti Hyvönen

Nuutti Hyvönen, Lisa Schätzle

We consider the inverse medium scattering problem for the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions, i.e., the task to recover a compactly supported penetrable two-dimensional scatterer from full knowledge of the associated far field data or, equivalently, the far field operator. Although this problem is uniquely solvable, it is severely ill-posed and nonlinear. In the regime of weak scattering, the Born approximation yields a linearized relation between the contrast and the far field data, thus overcoming the second difficulty. This linear setting allows to build on recent work on linearized electrical impedance tomography, which relies on triangular Zernike decompositions, to derive an explicit reconstruction formula that expresses the expansion coefficients of the contrast in terms of those of the far field data. By choosing the expansion functions appropriately, the resulting system matrix decouples into separate (infinite) triangular systems for the spatial angular frequencies in the contrast. Consequently, each of these systems can be solved independently by performing forward substitutions. Our numerical experiments indicate that this approach, combined with an adequate regularization method, remains effective even when applied to full nonlinear far field data beyond the Born regime.

Jérémi Dardé, Nuutti Hyvönen, Aku Seppänen et al.

The aim of electrical impedance tomography is to reconstruct the admittivity distribution inside a physical body from boundary measurements of current and voltage. Due to the severe ill-posedness of the underlying inverse problem, the functionality of impedance tomography relies heavily on accurate modelling of the measurement geometry. In particular, almost all reconstruction algorithms require the precise shape of the imaged body as an input. In this work, the need for prior geometric information is relaxed by introducing a Newton-type output least squares algorithm that reconstructs the admittivity distribution and the object shape simultaneously. The method is built in the framework of the complete electrode model and it is based on the Fréchet derivative of the corresponding current-to-voltage map with respect to the object boundary shape. The functionality of the technique is demonstrated via numerical experiments with simulated measurement data.

Antti Hannukainen, Nuutti Hyvönen, Helle Majander et al.

Quantitative photoacoustic tomography is an emerging imaging technique aimed at estimating the distribution of optical parameters inside tissues from photoacoustic images, which are formed by combining optical information and ultrasonic propagation. This optical parameter estimation problem is ill-posed and needs to be approached within the framework of inverse problems. Photoacoustic images are three-dimensional and high-resolution. Furthermore, high-resolution reconstructions of the optical parameters are targeted. Therefore, in order to provide a practical method for quantitative photoacoustic tomography, the inversion algorithm needs to be able to perform successfully with problems of prominent size. In this work, an efficient approach for the inverse problem of quantitative photoacoustic tomography is proposed, assuming an edge-preferring prior for the optical parameters. The method is based on iteratively combining priorconditioned LSQR with a lagged diffusivity step and a linearisation of the measurement model, with the needed multiplications by Jacobians performed in a matrix-free manner. The algorithm is tested with three-dimensional numerical simulations. The results show that the approach can be used to produce accurate and high quality estimates of absorption and diffusion in complex three-dimensional geometries with moderate computation time and cost.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Vesa Kaarnioja, Lauri Mustonen et al.

The objective of electrical impedance tomography is to reconstruct the internal conductivity of a physical body based on measurements of current and potential at a finite number of electrodes attached to its boundary. Although the conductivity is the quantity of main interest in impedance tomography, a real-world measurement configuration includes other unknown parameters as well: the information on the contact resistances, electrode positions and body shape is almost always incomplete. In this work, the dependence of the electrode measurements on all aforementioned model properties is parametrized via polynomial collocation. The availability of such a parametrization enables efficient simultaneous reconstruction of the conductivity and other unknowns by a Newton-type output least squares algorithm, which is demonstrated by two-dimensional numerical experiments based on both noisy simulated data and experimental data from two water tanks.

Valentina Candiani, Antti Hannukainen, Nuutti Hyvönen

This work introduces a computational framework for applying absolute electrical impedance tomography to head imaging without accurate information on the head shape or the electrode positions. A library of fifty heads is employed to build a principal component model for the typical variations in the shape of the human head, which leads to a relatively accurate parametrization for head shapes with only a few free parameters. The estimation of these shape parameters and the electrode positions is incorporated in a regularized Newton-type output least squares reconstruction algorithm. The presented numerical experiments demonstrate that strong enough variations in the internal conductivity of a human head can be detected by absolute electrical impedance tomography even if the geometric information on the measurement configuration is incomplete to an extent that is to be expected in practice.

Antti Hannukainen, Nuutti Hyvönen, Lauri Mustonen

This work tackles an inverse boundary value problem for a $p$-Laplace type partial differential equation parametrized by a smoothening parameter $τ\geq 0$. The aim is to numerically test reconstructing a conductivity type coefficient in the equation when Dirichlet boundary values of certain solutions to the corresponding Neumann problem serve as data. The numerical studies are based on a straightforward linearization of the forward map, and they demonstrate that the accuracy of such an approach depends nontrivially on $1 < p < \infty$ and the chosen parametrization for the unknown coefficient. The numerical considerations are complemented by proving that the forward operator, which maps a Hölder continuous conductivity coefficient to the solution of the Neumann problem, is Fréchet differentiable, excluding the degenerate case $τ=0$ that corresponds to the classical (weighted) $p$-Laplace equation.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Lassi Päivärinta, Janne P. Tamminen

We present a few ways of using conformal maps in the reconstruction of two-dimensional conductivities in electrical impedance tomography. First, by utilizing the Riemann mapping theorem, we can transform any simply connected domain of interest to the unit disk where the D-bar method can be implemented most efficiently. In particular, this applies to the open upper half-plane. Second, in the unit disk we may choose a region of interest that is magnified using a suitable Möbius transform. To facilitate the efficient use of conformal maps, we introduce input current patterns that are named conformally transformed truncated Fourier basis; in practice, their use corresponds to positioning the available electrodes close to the region of interest. These ideas are numerically tested using simulated continuum data in bounded domains and simulated point electrode data in the half-plane. The connections to practical electrode measurements are also discussed.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Yuya Suzuki

This work studies numerical integration by the Möbius-transformed trapezoidal rule, which combines the classical trapezoidal rule with a change of variables induced by a Möbius transformation that maps the unit circle onto the real line. It is shown that this method achieves the optimal convergence rate for a polynomially weighted integral over the real line if the integrand lives in a related polynomially weighted Sobolev space with positive integer smoothness index. This result can also be generalized in a slightly weaker form for fractional smoothness indices via complex interpolation of function spaces. The algorithm only requires pointwise evaluations of the weight and the target integrand at prescribed nodes that do not depend on the integrand and weight in question. The established theoretical convergence rates are verified by numerical experiments.

Aada Hakula, Pauliina Hirvi, Nuutti Hyvönen et al.

This paper presents a projection-based technique to mitigate the impact of modeling errors related to domain truncation, changes in the optode coupling coefficients, and misspecified optical parameters of different tissue types in diffuse optical tomography. The approach considers the primary Jacobian matrix of the forward map in the image reconstruction scheme, linking the primary unknown, i.e., the per-voxel absorption coefficient changes in the region of interest, to the optode measurements, as well as the nuisance Jacobians that do the same for the auxiliary unknown parameters of secondary interest. To mitigate mismodeled coupling coefficients or domain truncation, the method projects the linearized forward model defined by the primary Jacobian onto the orthogonal complement of the range of a nuisance Jacobian, or onto the orthogonal complement of the span of a number of first left singular vectors for the nuisance Jacobian that has been weighted to account for prior information on the measurement setup. In the case of a misspecified baseline optical parameter for some tissue type, the nullspace of the utilized orthogonal projection is defined to be the span of first left singular vectors for a (weighted) difference of two Jacobian matrices evaluated at two different levels for the considered tissue-wise optical parameter. The reconstruction is formed by applying Bayesian inversion with Gaussian prior and noise models to the projected linearized equation. We evaluate the method on simulated brain activity data obtained via Monte Carlo simulations of the radiative transfer equation in a voxelized head anatomy for a neonate with combined gestational and chronological age of 41.7 weeks.

Chuntao Chen, Tapio Helin, Nuutti Hyvönen et al.

Bayesian optimal experimental design provides a principled framework for selecting experimental settings that maximize obtained information. In this work, we focus on estimating the expected information gain in the setting where the differential entropy of the likelihood is either independent of the design or can be evaluated explicitly. This reduces the problem to maximum entropy estimation, alleviating several challenges inherent in expected information gain computation. Our study is motivated by large-scale inference problems, such as inverse problems, where the computational cost is dominated by expensive likelihood evaluations. We propose a computational approach in which the evidence density is approximated by a Monte Carlo or quasi-Monte Carlo surrogate, while the differential entropy is evaluated using standard methods without additional likelihood evaluations. We prove that this strategy achieves convergence rates that are comparable to, or better than, state-of-the-art methods for full expected information gain estimation, particularly when the cost of entropy evaluation is negligible. Moreover, our approach relies only on mild smoothness of the forward map and avoids stronger technical assumptions required in earlier work. We also present numerical experiments, which confirm our theoretical findings.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Lauri Mustonen

Thermal tomography is an imaging technique for deducing information about the internal structure of a physical body from temperature measurements on its boundary. This work considers time-dependent thermal tomography modeled by a parabolic initial/boundary value problem without accurate information on the exterior shape of the examined object. The adaptive sparse pseudospectral approximation method is used to form a polynomial surrogate for the dependence of the temperature measurements on the thermal conductivity, the heat capacity, the boundary heat transfer coefficient and the body shape. These quantities can then be efficiently reconstructed via nonlinear, regularized least squares minimization employing the surrogate and its derivatives. The functionality of the resulting reconstruction algorithm is demonstrated by numerical experiments based on simulated data in two spatial dimensions.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Lauri Mustonen

This work reformulates the complete electrode model of electrical impedance tomography in order to enable more efficient numerical solution. The model traditionally assumes constant contact conductances on all electrodes, which leads to a discontinuous Robin boundary condition since the gaps between the electrodes can be described by vanishing conductance. As a consequence, the regularity of the electromagnetic potential is limited to less than two square-integrable weak derivatives, which negatively affects the convergence of, e.g., the finite element method. In this paper, a smoothened model for the boundary conductance is proposed, and the unique solvability and improved regularity of the ensuing boundary value problem are proven. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed model is both computationally feasible and also compatible with real-world measurements. In particular, the new model allows faster convergence of the finite element method.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Lauri Mustonen

Electrical impedance tomography aims at reconstructing the interior electrical conductivity from surface measurements of currents and voltages. As the current-voltage pairs depend nonlinearly on the conductivity, impedance tomography leads to a nonlinear inverse problem. Often, the forward problem is linearized with respect to the conductivity and the resulting linear inverse problem is regarded as a subproblem in an iterative algorithm or as a simple reconstruction method as such. In this paper, we compare this basic linearization approach to linearizations with respect to the resistivity or the logarithm of the conductivity. It is numerically demonstrated that the conductivity linearization often results in compromised accuracy in both forward and inverse computations. Inspired by these observations, we present and analyze a new linearization technique which is based on the logarithm of the Neumann-to-Dirichlet operator. The method is directly applicable to discrete settings, including the complete electrode model. We also consider Fréchet derivatives of the logarithmic operators. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed method is an accurate way of linearizing the problem of electrical impedance tomography.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Helle Majander, Stratos Staboulis

Electrical impedance tomography aims at reconstructing the conductivity inside a physical body from boundary measurements of current and voltage at a finite number of contact electrodes. In many practical applications, the shape of the imaged object is subject to considerable uncertainties that render reconstructing the internal conductivity impossible if they are not taken into account. This work numerically demonstrates that one can compensate for inaccurate modeling of the object boundary in two spatial dimensions by estimating the locations and sizes of the electrodes as a part of a reconstruction algorithm. The numerical studies, which are based on both simulated and experimental data, are complemented by proving that the employed complete electrode model is approximately conformally invariant, which suggests that the obtained reconstructions in mismodeled domains reflect conformal images of the true targets. The numerical experiments also confirm that a similar approach does not, in general, lead to a functional algorithm in three dimensions.

Antti Hannukainen, Lauri Harhanen, Nuutti Hyvönen et al.

In optical tomography a physical body is illuminated with near-infrared light and the resulting outward photon flux is measured at the object boundary. The goal is to reconstruct internal optical properties of the body, such as absorption and diffusivity. In this work, it is assumed that the imaged object is composed of an approximately homogeneous background with clearly distinguishable embedded inhomogeneities. An algorithm for finding the maximum a posteriori estimate for the absorption and diffusion coefficients is introduced assuming an edge-preferring prior and an additive Gaussian measurement noise model. The method is based on iteratively combining a lagged diffusivity step and a linearization of the measurement model of diffuse optical tomography with priorconditioned LSQR. The performance of the reconstruction technique is tested via three-dimensional numerical experiments with simulated measurement data.

Nuutti Hyvönen, Matti Leinonen

The objective of electrical impedance tomography is to deduce information about the conductivity inside a physical body from electrode measurements of current and voltage at the object boundary. In this work, the unknown conductivity is modeled as a random field parametrized by its values at a set of pixels. The uncertainty in the pixel values is propagated to the electrode measurements by numerically solving the forward problem of impedance tomography by a stochastic Galerkin finite element method in the framework of the complete electrode model. For a given set of electrode measurements, the stochastic forward solution is employed in approximately parametrizing the posterior probability density of the conductivity and contact resistances. Subsequently, the conductivity is reconstructed by computing the maximum a posteriori and conditional mean estimates as well as the posterior covariance. The functionality of this approach is demonstrated with experimental water tank data.