Takfarinas Medani

Wenhui Cui, Woojae Jeong, Philipp Thölke et al.

To handle the scarcity and heterogeneity of electroencephalography (EEG) data for Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) tasks, and to harness the power of large publicly available data sets, we propose Neuro-GPT, a foundation model consisting of an EEG encoder and a GPT model. The foundation model is pre-trained on a large-scale data set using a self-supervised task that learns how to reconstruct masked EEG segments. We then fine-tune the model on a Motor Imagery Classification task to validate its performance in a low-data regime (9 subjects). Our experiments demonstrate that applying a foundation model can significantly improve classification performance compared to a model trained from scratch, which provides evidence for the generalizability of the foundation model and its ability to address challenges of data scarcity and heterogeneity in EEG. The code is publicly available at github.com/wenhui0206/NeuroGPT.

Woojae Jeong, Wenhui Cui, Kleanthis Avramidis et al.

Electroencephalography (EEG) offers detailed access to neural dynamics but remains constrained by noise and trial-by-trial variability, limiting decoding performance in data-restricted or complex paradigms. Data augmentation is often employed to enhance feature representations, yet conventional uniform averaging overlooks differences in trial informativeness and can degrade representational quality. We introduce a weighted bootstrapping approach that prioritizes more reliable trials to generate higher-quality augmented samples. In a Sentence Evaluation paradigm, weights were computed from relative ERP differences and applied during probabilistic sampling and averaging. Across conditions, weighted bootstrapping improved decoding accuracy relative to unweighted (from 68.35% to 71.25% at best), demonstrating that emphasizing reliable trials strengthens representational quality. The results demonstrate that reliability-based augmentation yields more robust and discriminative EEG representations. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/lyricists/NeuroBootstrap.

Aditya Kommineni, Emily Zhou, Kleanthis Avramidis et al.

EEG foundation models, pre-trained on large-scale unlabelled EEG data, have emerged as a promising direction towards learning generalizable EEG representations. Despite showing positive results in data-rich regimes, they often fail to outperform significantly smaller supervised models in low-resource settings compared to fully supervised models. We provide a mechanistic account of this shortcoming, attributing it to a fundamental mismatch between reconstruction-based pretext tasks and the idiosyncratic spectral structure of EEG signals, which decompose into distinct high-power aperiodic and low-power oscillatory components. Using controlled, synthetically-generated EEG inputs, we demonstrate that EEG foundation model embeddings are biased to capture the aperiodic components of the EEG signal while under-representing oscillatory components, particularly at higher frequencies. Additionally, linear probe evaluations on real-world BCI datasets further reveal that embeddings encode subject identity more strongly than task-relevant information, thereby reinforcing the low-frequency and aperiodic component bias in foundation model embeddings trained primarily on reconstruction based objectives. Together, these findings elucidate a failure mode in reconstruction based EEG foundation models and motivate future work to incorporate auxiliary losses explicitly targeting high-frequency oscillatory structure as a path toward more capable and generalizable EEG representations.

Omar Zamzam, Takfarinas Medani, Chinmay Chinara et al.

Automated seizure detection from long-term clinical videos can substantially reduce manual review time and enable real-time monitoring. However, existing video-based methods often struggle to generalize to unseen subjects due to background bias and reliance on subject-specific appearance cues. We propose a joint-centric attention model that focuses exclusively on body dynamics to improve cross-subject generalization. For each video segment, body joints are detected and joint-centered clips are extracted, suppressing background context. These joint-centered clips are tokenized using a Video Vision Transformer (ViViT), and cross-joint attention is learned to model spatial and temporal interactions between body parts, capturing coordinated movement patterns characteristic of seizure semiology. Extensive cross-subject experiments show that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art CNN-, graph-, and transformer-based approaches on unseen subjects.

Woojae Jeong, Aditya Kommineni, Kleanthis Avramidis et al.

Depression and suicidality affect cognitive and emotional processes, yet objective, task-evoked neural readouts of mental health remain limited. We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of affective semantic processing using multivariate decoding of time-resolved, 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG). Participants (N=137) performed a sentence-evaluation task with emotionally salient, self-referential statements. We identified robust neural signatures of semantic processing, with peak decoding accuracy between 300-600 ms -- a window associated with rapid, stimulus-driven semantic evaluation and conflict monitoring. Relative to healthy controls, individuals with depression and suicidal ideation showed earlier onset, longer duration, and greater amplitude decoding responses, along with broader cross-temporal generalization and enhanced contributions from frontocentral and parietotemporal components. These findings suggest altered sensitivity and impaired disengagement from emotionally salient content in the clinical groups, advancing our understanding of the neurocognitive basis of mental health and establishing a compact and interpretable EEG-based index of semantic-evaluation dynamics with potential diagnostic relevance.

Jihwan Lee, Parsa Razmara, Kevin Huang et al.

Speech production is a complex process spanning neural planning, motor control, muscle activation, and articulatory kinematics. While the acoustic speech signal is the most accessible product of the speech production act, it does not directly reveal its causal neurophysiological substrates. We present the first simultaneous acquisition of real-time (dynamic) MRI, EEG, and surface EMG, capturing several key aspects of the speech production chain: brain signals, muscle activations, and articulatory movements. This multimodal acquisition paradigm presents substantial technical challenges, including MRI-induced electromagnetic interference and myogenic artifacts. To mitigate these, we introduce an artifact suppression pipeline tailored to this tri-modal setting. Once fully developed, this framework is poised to offer an unprecedented window into speech neuroscience and insights leading to brain-computer interface advances.

Kleanthis Avramidis, Woojae Jeong, Aditya Kommineni et al.

Identifying physiological and behavioral markers for mental health conditions is a longstanding challenge in psychiatry. Depression and suicidal ideation, in particular, lack objective biomarkers, with screening and diagnosis primarily relying on self-reports and clinical interviews. Here, we investigate eye tracking as a potential marker modality for screening purposes. Eye movements are directly modulated by neuronal networks and have been associated with attentional and mood-related patterns; however, their predictive value for depression and suicidality remains unclear. We recorded eye-tracking sequences from 126 young adults as they read and responded to affective sentences, and subsequently developed a deep learning framework to predict their clinical status. The proposed model included separate branches for trials of positive and negative sentiment, and used 2D time-series representations to account for both intra-trial and inter-trial variations. We were able to identify depression and suicidal ideation with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.793 (95% CI: 0.765-0.819) against healthy controls, and suicidality specifically with 0.826 AUC (95% CI: 0.797-0.852). The model also exhibited moderate, yet significant, accuracy in differentiating depressed from suicidal participants, with 0.609 AUC (95% CI 0.571-0.646). Discriminative patterns emerge more strongly when assessing the data relative to response generation than relative to the onset time of the final word of the sentences. The most pronounced effects were observed for negative-sentiment sentences, that are congruent to depressed and suicidal participants. Our findings highlight eye tracking as an objective tool for mental health assessment and underscore the modulatory impact of emotional stimuli on cognitive processes affecting oculomotor control.