Weizheng Wang

Weizheng Wang, Obi Ike, Soyun Choi et al.

Social robot navigation increasingly relies on large language models for reasoning, path planning, and enabling movement in dynamic human spaces. However, relying solely on LLMs for planning often leads to unpredictable and unsafe behaviors, especially in dynamic human spaces, due to limited physical grounding and weak logical consistency. In this work, we introduce NaviWM, a socially-aware robot Navigation World Model that augments LLM reasoning with a structured world model and a logic-driven chain-of-thought process. NaviWM consists of two main components: (1) a spatial-temporal world model that captures the positions, velocities, and activities of agents in the environment, and (2) a deductive reasoning module that guides LLMs through a multi-step, logic-based inference process. This integration enables the robot to generate navigation decisions that are both socially compliant and physically safe, under well-defined constraints such as personal space, collision avoidance, and timing. Unlike previous methods based on prompting or fine-tuning, NaviWM encodes social norms as first-order logic, enabling interpretable and verifiable reasoning. Experiments show that NaviWM improves success rates and reduces social violations, particularly in crowded environments. These results demonstrate the benefit of combining formal reasoning with LLMs for robust social navigation. Additional experimental details and demo videos for this work can be found at: https://sites.google.com/view/NaviWM.

Sunder Ali Khowaja, Parus Khuwaja, Kapal Dev et al.

ChatGPT is another large language model (LLM) vastly available for the consumers on their devices but due to its performance and ability to converse effectively, it has gained a huge popularity amongst research as well as industrial community. Recently, many studies have been published to show the effectiveness, efficiency, integration, and sentiments of chatGPT and other LLMs. In contrast, this study focuses on the important aspects that are mostly overlooked, i.e. sustainability, privacy, digital divide, and ethics and suggests that not only chatGPT but every subsequent entry in the category of conversational bots should undergo Sustainability, PrivAcy, Digital divide, and Ethics (SPADE) evaluation. This paper discusses in detail the issues and concerns raised over chatGPT in line with aforementioned characteristics. We also discuss the recent EU AI Act briefly in accordance with the SPADE evaluation. We support our hypothesis by some preliminary data collection and visualizations along with hypothesized facts. We also suggest mitigations and recommendations for each of the concerns. Furthermore, we also suggest some policies and recommendations for EU AI policy act concerning ethics, digital divide, and sustainability

Ike Obi, Vishnunandan L. N. Venkatesh, Weizheng Wang et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to convert task commands into robot-executable code, however this pipeline lacks validation gates to detect unsafe and defective commands before they are translated into robot code. Furthermore, even commands that appear safe at the outset can produce unsafe state transitions during execution in the absence of continuous constraint monitoring. In this research, we introduce SafeGate, a neurosymbolic safety architecture that prevents unsafe natural language task commands from reaching robot execution. Drawing from ISO 13482 safety standard, SafeGate extracts structured safety-relevant properties from natural language commands and applies a deterministic decision gate to authorize or reject execution. In addition, we introduce Task Safety Contracts, which decomposes commands that pass through the gate into invariants, guards, and abort conditions to prevent unsafe state transitions during execution. We further incorporate Z3 SMT solving to enforce constraint checking derived from the Task Safety Contracts. We evaluate SafeGate against existing LLM-based robot safety frameworks and baseline LLMs across 230 benchmark tasks, 30 AI2-THOR simulation scenarios, and real-world robot experiments. Results show that SafeGate significantly reduces the acceptance of defective commands while maintaining a high acceptance of benign tasks, demonstrating the importance of pre-execution safety gates for LLM-controlled robot systems

Zi Liang, Qipeng Xie, Jun He et al.

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked interest in their application to Static Application Security Testing (SAST), primarily due to their superior contextual reasoning capabilities compared to traditional symbolic or rule-based methods. However, existing LLM-based approaches typically attempt to replace human experts directly without integrating effectively with existing SAST tools. This lack of integration results in ineffectiveness, including high rates of false positives, hallucinations, limited reasoning depth, and excessive token usage, making them impractical for industrial deployment. To overcome these limitations, we present a paradigm shift that reorchestrates the SAST workflow from current LLM-assisted structure to a new LLM-centered workflow. We introduce Argus (Agentic and Retrieval-Augmented Guarding System), the first multi-agent framework designed specifically for vulnerability detection. Argus incorporates three key novelties: comprehensive supply chain analysis, collaborative multi-agent workflows, and the integration of state-of-the-art techniques such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and ReAct to minimize hallucinations and enhance reasoning. Extensive empirical evaluation demonstrates that Argus significantly outperforms existing methods by detecting a higher volume of true vulnerabilities while simultaneously reducing false positives and operational costs. Notably, Argus has identified several critical zero-day vulnerabilities with CVE assignments.

Zhijie Zhong, Zhiwen Yu, Yiyuan Yang et al.

Time series anomaly detection is a pivotal task in data analysis, yet it poses the challenge of discerning normal and abnormal patterns in label-deficient scenarios. While prior studies have largely employed reconstruction-based approaches, which limit the models' representational capacities. Moreover, existing deep learning-based methods are not sufficiently lightweight. Addressing these issues, we present PatchAD, our novel, highly efficient multiscale patch-based MLP-Mixer architecture that utilizes contrastive learning for representation extraction and anomaly detection. With its four distinct MLP Mixers and innovative dual project constraint module, PatchAD mitigates potential model degradation and offers a lightweight solution, requiring only $0.403M$ parameters. Its efficacy is demonstrated by state-of-the-art results across $8$ datasets sourced from different application scenarios, outperforming over $30$ comparative algorithms. PatchAD significantly improves the classical F1 score by 6.84%, the Aff-F1 score by 4.27%, and the V-ROC by 2.49%. Simultaneously, an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying PatchAD has been conducted from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, validating the design motivations of the model. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/EmorZz1G/PatchAD.

Zirui Tang, Xuanhe Zhou, Yumou Liu et al.

Workspace learning requires AI agents to identify, reason over, exploit, and update explicit and implicit dependencies among heterogeneous files in a worker's workspace, enabling them to complete both routine and advanced tasks effectively. Despite its importance, existing relevant benchmarks largely evaluate agents on pre-specified or synthesized files with limited real-world dependencies, leaving workspace-level evaluation underexplored. To this end, we introduce Workspace-Bench, a benchmark for evaluating AI agents on Workspace Learning invOlving Large-Scale File Dependencies. We construct realistic workspaces with 5 worker profiles, 74 file types, 20,476 files (up to 20GB) and curate 388 tasks, each with its own file dependency graph, evaluated across 7,399 total rubrics that require cross-file retrieval, contextual reasoning, and adaptive decision-making. We further provide Workspace-Bench-Lite, a 100-task subset that preserves the benchmark distribution while reducing evaluation costs by about 70%. We evaluate 4 popular agent harnesses and 7 foundation models. Experimental results show that current agents remain far from reliable workspace learning, where the best reaches only 68.7%, substantially below the human result of 80.7%, and the average performance across agents is only 47.4%.

Gokul Yenduri, Ramalingam M, Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta et al.

Spatial computing is a technological advancement that facilitates the seamless integration of devices into the physical environment, resulting in a more natural and intuitive digital world user experience. Spatial computing has the potential to become a significant advancement in the field of computing. From GPS and location-based services to healthcare, spatial computing technologies have influenced and improved our interactions with the digital world. The use of spatial computing in creating interactive digital environments has become increasingly popular and effective. This is explained by its increasing significance among researchers and industrial organisations, which motivated us to conduct this review. This review provides a detailed overview of spatial computing, including its enabling technologies and its impact on various applications. Projects related to spatial computing are also discussed. In this review, we also explored the potential challenges and limitations of spatial computing. Furthermore, we discuss potential solutions and future directions. Overall, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of spatial computing, its enabling technologies, their impact on various applications, emerging challenges, and potential solutions.

Zirui Tang, Weizheng Wang, Zihang Zhou et al.

Large language models (LLMs) and agent techniques have brought a fundamental shift in the functionality and development paradigm of data analysis tasks (a.k.a LLM/Agent-as-Data-Analyst), demonstrating substantial impact across both academia and industry. In comparison with traditional rule or small-model based approaches, (agentic) LLMs enable complex data understanding, natural language interfaces, semantic analysis functions, and autonomous pipeline orchestration. From a modality perspective, we review LLM-based techniques for (i) structured data (e.g., NL2SQL, NL2GQL, ModelQA), (ii) semi-structured data (e.g., markup languages understanding, semi-structured table question answering), (iii) unstructured data (e.g., chart understanding, text/image document understanding), and (iv) heterogeneous data (e.g., data retrieval and modality alignment in data lakes). The technical evolution further distills four key design goals for intelligent data analysis agents, namely semantic-aware design, autonomous pipelines, tool-augmented workflows, and support for open-world tasks. Finally, we outline the remaining challenges and propose several insights and practical directions for advancing LLM/Agent-powered data analysis.

Weizheng Wang, Ike Obi, Aniket Bera et al.

Navigating human-filled spaces is crucial for the interactive social robots to support advanced services, such as cooperative carrying, which enables service provision in complex and crowded environments while adapting behavior based on real-time human language commands or feedback. However, existing social robot navigation planners face two major challenges: managing real-time user inputs and ensuring socially compliant behaviors in unfamiliar, zero-shot environments. In response, we introduce SALM, an interactive, human-in-loop Socially-Aware navigation Large Language Model framework that dynamically integrates deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with large language model (LLM) capabilities. SALM leverages contextual semantic understanding from real-time human-robot interactions to convert high-level user commands into precise, low-level control actions. A high-level LLM module parses user input, guiding the simultaneous generation of navigation commands by both a large language navigation model (LNM) and a DRL-based navigation model (RLNM). A memory mechanism archives temporal data for continuous refinement, while a multi-step graph-of-thoughts inference-based large language feedback model adaptively fuses the strengths of both planning approaches. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that SALM not only enhances navigational precision in crowded, dynamic environments but also significantly improves system adaptability, offering tailored behaviors that align with individual user preferences and real-time feedback. More details and videos about this work are available at: https://sites.google.com/view/navi-salm.

Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Kapal Dev, Sunder Ali Khowaja et al.

Responsible Artificial Intelligence (RAI) is a combination of ethics associated with the usage of artificial intelligence aligned with the common and standard frameworks. This survey paper extensively discusses the global and national standards, applications of RAI, current technology and ongoing projects using RAI, and possible challenges in implementing and designing RAI in the industries and projects based on AI. Currently, ethical standards and implementation of RAI are decoupled which caters each industry to follow their own standards to use AI ethically. Many global firms and government organizations are taking necessary initiatives to design a common and standard framework. Social pressure and unethical way of using AI forces the RAI design rather than implementation.

Weizheng Wang, Baijian Yang, Sungeun Hong et al.

Predicting crowd intentions and trajectories is critical for a range of real-world applications, involving social robotics and autonomous driving. Accurately modeling such behavior remains challenging due to the complexity of pairwise spatial-temporal interactions and the heterogeneous influence of groupwise dynamics. To address these challenges, we propose Hyper-STTN, a Hypergraph-based Spatial-Temporal Transformer Network for crowd trajectory prediction. Hyper-STTN constructs multiscale hypergraphs of varying group sizes to model groupwise correlations, captured through spectral hypergraph convolution based on random-walk probabilities. In parallel, a spatial-temporal transformer is employed to learn pedestrians' pairwise latent interactions across spatial and temporal dimensions. These heterogeneous groupwise and pairwise features are subsequently fused and aligned via a multimodal transformer. Extensive experiments on public pedestrian motion datasets demonstrate that Hyper-STTN consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines and ablation models.

Gokul Yenduri, Ramalingam M, Chemmalar Selvi G et al.

The Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) represents a notable breakthrough in the domain of natural language processing, which is propelling us toward the development of machines that can understand and communicate using language in a manner that closely resembles that of humans. GPT is based on the transformer architecture, a deep neural network designed for natural language processing tasks. Due to their impressive performance on natural language processing tasks and ability to effectively converse, GPT have gained significant popularity among researchers and industrial communities, making them one of the most widely used and effective models in natural language processing and related fields, which motivated to conduct this review. This review provides a detailed overview of the GPT, including its architecture, working process, training procedures, enabling technologies, and its impact on various applications. In this review, we also explored the potential challenges and limitations of a GPT. Furthermore, we discuss potential solutions and future directions. Overall, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of GPT, enabling technologies, their impact on various applications, emerging challenges, and potential solutions.

Weizheng Wang, Marco Zuniga, Qing Wang

Cardiac patterns are being used to obtain hard-to-forge biometric signatures and have led to high accuracy in state-of-the-art (SoA) identification applications. However, this performance is obtained under controlled scenarios where cardiac signals maintain a relatively uniform pattern, facilitating the identification process. In this work, we analyze cardiac signals collected in more realistic (uncontrolled) scenarios and show that their high signal variability (i.e., irregularity) makes it harder to obtain stable and distinct user features. Furthermore, SoA usually fails to identify specific groups of users, rendering existing identification methods futile in uncontrolled scenarios. To solve these problems, we propose a framework with three novel properties. First, we design an adaptive method that achieves stable and distinct features by tailoring the filtering spectrum to each user. Second, we show that users can have multiple cardiac morphologies, offering us a much bigger pool of cardiac signals and users compared to SoA. Third, we overcome other distortion effects present in authentication applications with a multi-cluster approach and the Mahalanobis distance. Our evaluation shows that the average balanced accuracy (BAC) of SoA drops from above 90% in controlled scenarios to 75% in uncontrolled ones, while our method maintains an average BAC above 90% in uncontrolled scenarios.

Ruiqi Wang, Weizheng Wang, Byung-Cheol Min

Socially aware robot navigation, where a robot is required to optimize its trajectory to maintain comfortable and compliant spatial interactions with humans in addition to reaching its goal without collisions, is a fundamental yet challenging task in the context of human-robot interaction. While existing learning-based methods have achieved better performance than the preceding model-based ones, they still have drawbacks: reinforcement learning depends on the handcrafted reward that is unlikely to effectively quantify broad social compliance, and can lead to reward exploitation problems; meanwhile, inverse reinforcement learning suffers from the need for expensive human demonstrations. In this paper, we propose a feedback-efficient active preference learning approach, FAPL, that distills human comfort and expectation into a reward model to guide the robot agent to explore latent aspects of social compliance. We further introduce hybrid experience learning to improve the efficiency of human feedback and samples, and evaluate benefits of robot behaviors learned from FAPL through extensive simulation experiments and a user study (N=10) employing a physical robot to navigate with human subjects in real-world scenarios. Source code and experiment videos for this work are available at:https://sites.google.com/view/san-fapl.