P Bottoni

Paolo Bottoni, Anna Labella, Ion Petre

Reaction systems have evolved into a rich family of computational models differing in their treatment of multiplicities, resource management, concurrency, and state evolution. We introduce a unified semantic framework based on interval structures and interval-based transformation systems. The framework decomposes operational semantics into independent resource, production, update, and execution strategies, providing a common basis for describing, comparing, and constructing reaction-system variants. We show that classical reaction systems, restricted reaction systems, multiset reaction systems, reaction systems with concentration, and resource-preserving multiset reaction systems are all recovered as instantiations of the framework. Quantitative reaction systems are accommodated through an additional preprocessing stage. We further demonstrate that the framework naturally extends beyond reaction systems to other computational models, including Petri nets. The proposed framework provides a common semantic foundation for existing models and a flexible basis for developing and analysing new computational formalisms.

Uwe M. Borghoff, Paolo Bottoni, Remo Pareschi

Recent advances in agentic AI are producing increasingly complex autonomous systems that integrate large language models, world models, optimization engines, specialized neural architectures, autonomous platforms, and human operators. While much current research focuses on improving reasoning capabilities, safety-critical real-time deployment also requires bounded and verifiable coordination among heterogeneous components operating concurrently under uncertainty. Software-mediated coordination presents fundamental limitations in domains where bounded latency, deterministic coordination, and enforceable safety guarantees are essential. Hence, we propose a hardware-enforced semantic coordination architecture in which selected coordination semantics are implemented directly at the hardware level via field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The approach builds on the Topic-Based Communication Space Petri Net (TB-CSPN) framework, which separates semantic reasoning from interaction management. In this approach, selected TB-CSPN coordination mechanisms are mapped onto FPGA primitives, creating a hardware-native semantic coordination layer. Focus is not on acceleration, but on enforcing temporal synchronization, semantic gating, authorization constraints, and bounded coordination behavior directly in hardware. Semantic reasoning remains adaptive and software-driven, while embedded coordination semantics become deterministic.