Wistan Marchadour

Lennart Brocki, Wistan Marchadour, Jonas Maison et al.

Deep learning has shown superb performance in detecting objects and classifying images, ensuring a great promise for analyzing medical imaging. Translating the success of deep learning to medical imaging, in which doctors need to understand the underlying process, requires the capability to interpret and explain the prediction of neural networks. Interpretability of deep neural networks often relies on estimating the importance of input features (e.g., pixels) with respect to the outcome (e.g., class probability). However, a number of importance estimators (also known as saliency maps) have been developed and it is unclear which ones are more relevant for medical imaging applications. In the present work, we investigated the performance of several importance estimators in explaining the classification of computed tomography (CT) images by a convolutional deep network, using three distinct evaluation metrics. First, the model-centric fidelity measures a decrease in the model accuracy when certain inputs are perturbed. Second, concordance between importance scores and the expert-defined segmentation masks is measured on a pixel level by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Third, we measure a region-wise overlap between a XRAI-based map and the segmentation mask by Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSC). Overall, two versions of SmoothGrad topped the fidelity and ROC rankings, whereas both Integrated Gradients and SmoothGrad excelled in DSC evaluation. Interestingly, there was a critical discrepancy between model-centric (fidelity) and human-centric (ROC and DSC) evaluation. Expert expectation and intuition embedded in segmentation maps does not necessarily align with how the model arrived at its prediction. Understanding this difference in interpretability would help harnessing the power of deep learning in medicine.

Wistan Marchadour, Pedro Soto Vega, Franck Vermet et al.

The wide use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in numerous domains and real-world classification applications is justified by their high precision and automation speed, helping users concentrate on higher-expertise tasks. To better understand the models and avoid bias during deployment, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques can be used after training. But as the list of XAI solutions expand, comparisons between them diverge, and consensus over their evaluation cannot be reached. This paper proposes a variation of Fidelity-based XAI metrics, with a focus on real-conditions applications, where the number of classes is often low. The approach generates in-distribution, uncertainty-provoking perturbations, to ensure proper measurement of the XAI methods faithfulness. As demonstration of the evaluation framework usefulness, it is compared with human-centric object localization and segmentation metrics. Once applied to both medical and natural imaging applications, it highlights the intricate correlation between domain, data curation, and XAI solution choices in order to validate training of a new CNN model.