Taulant Kërçi

Federico Milano, Georgios Tzounas, Ioannis Dassios et al.

The paper discusses the relationships between electrical quantities, such as voltages, currents, and frequency, and geometrical ones, namely curvature and torsion. The proposed approach is based on the Frenet frame utilized in differential geometry and provides a general framework for the definition of the time derivative of electrical quantities in stationary as well as transient conditions. As a byproduct, the proposed approach unifies and generalizes the time- and phasor-domain frameworks. Other noteworthy results are a new interpretation of the link between frequency and the time derivatives of voltage and current; and a definition of the rate of change of frequency that includes the novel concept of "torsional frequency." Several numerical examples based on balanced, unbalanced, harmonically-distorted and transient voltages illustrate the findings of the paper.

Federico Milano, Georgios Tzounas, Ioannis Dassios et al.

This paper proposes a general framework to interpret the concept of Instantaneous Frequency (IF) in three-phase systems. The paper first recalls the conventional frequency-domain analysis based on the Fourier transform as well as the definition of IF which is based on the concept of analytic signals. The link between analytic signals and Clarke transform of three-phase voltages of an ac power system is also shown. Then the well-known five paradoxes of the IF are stated. In the second part of the paper, an approach based on a geometric interpretation of the frequency is proposed. This approach serves to revisit the five IF paradoxes and explain them through a common framework. The case study illustrates the features of the proposed framework based on a variety of examples and on a detailed model of the IEEE 39-bus system.

Taulant Kerci, Angel Vaca, Andrew Groom et al.

Frequency control in power systems is implemented in a hierarchical structure traditionally known as primary frequency control (PFC), secondary frequency control (SFC) and tertiary control reserve (TCR) and, some jurisdictions, include time error control (TEC) as well. This hierarchical structure has been designed around a century ago based on timescales separation, that is, approximately an order of magnitude difference between each control structure. This paper argues, based on real-world observations as well as detailed dynamic simulations on a model of the All-Island power system (AIPS) of Ireland, that this frequency control structure is not necessary in current and future converter-dominated power grids. The paper proposes to redesign this structure by removing the SFC and TCR and rely on PFC and a real-time energy market. The PFC is responsible for addressing fast power imbalances in timescales of tens of ms to few minutes (e.g., 100 ms to 5 minutes) while the real-time energy market is responsible for addressing longer imbalances in timescales of minutes to hours (e.g., 5 minutes to 1 hour). TEC, on the other hand, is considered as optional.

Amir Moshari, Mo Cloonan, Taulant Kerci et al.

This paper presents a generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) approach for forecasting, at a day-ahead stage, the largest single infeed (LSI) and largest single outfeed (LSO) on the Irish power system to assist in reserve dimensioning. Developed collaboratively between EirGrid, the electric transmission system operator (TSO) for Ireland, and GridZero.ai using the GridZero.ai platform, the system delivers accurate forecasts up to 38 hours ahead of real-time using limited data available before the day-ahead and intra-day energy market gate closure timings. Initial performance demonstrates an accuracy with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) that is only 1.1\% higher than the results possible using full market data (8-hours ahead). Thus, if this approach is integrated into operational systems and such high levels of accuracy are maintained, reserve procurement costs could be significantly reduced. The results also demonstrate the practicality and extensibility of AI-powered resource planning for TSOs.

Taulant Kerci, Federico Milano

This industry-oriented paper originates from the observation that current frequency quality metrics utilized by transmission system operators (TSOs) fail to fully capture the dynamic behavior of the grid frequency. Motivated by this gap, the paper proposes novel frequency quality metrics based on second-order dynamics and stochastic autocorrelation. Using real-world data from the Irish, Great Britain and Nordic systems and running dynamic stochastic simulations, the paper shows that the proposed metrics bring new and counterintuitive insights in terms of how good or poor the frequency quality of power grids is beyond current well-known metrics. In particular, the paper shows that a power system may show good frequency quality using standard metrics and poor frequency quality using the proposed metrics. Overall, the paper contributes to improve the understanding of frequency quality.