Living systematic review
Mixture-of-experts routing
Scaling LLM capacity with sparsely-activated experts — routing, load balancing, and fine-grained expert design.
655 papers1,456 critique receipts4,254 benchmark resultsupdated Jun 23, 2026
Most-superseded baselines
Ranked by how many distinct papers critique or beat each method — the standard baselines newer work routinely measures against.
- 1Switch Transformer
Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity
5 critique · 7 beaten on benchmarks
- 2MC-SMoE
8 critique · 12 beaten on benchmarks
- 3HydraLoRA
HydraLoRA: An Asymmetric LoRA Architecture for Efficient Fine-Tuning
1 critique · 8 beaten on benchmarks
- 4DeepSeekMoE
DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
0 critique · 6 beaten on benchmarks
- 5GShardin Switch Transformer
GShard: Scaling Giant Models with Conditional Computation and Automatic Sharding
2 critique · 2 beaten on benchmarks
- 6Soft MoEin DeepSeekMoE
From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Experts
3 critique · 4 beaten on benchmarks
- 7Tutelin Switch Transformer
Tutel: Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts at Scale
6 critique · 1 beaten on benchmarks
- 8Fiddlerin MC-SMoE
Fiddler: CPU-GPU Orchestration for Fast Inference of Mixture-of-Experts Models
7 critique · 2 beaten on benchmarks
- 9DeepSpeed-MoEin Switch Transformer
DeepSpeed-MoE: Advancing Mixture-of-Experts Inference and Training to Power Next-Generation AI Scale
4 critique · 1 beaten on benchmarks
- 10Mixtral
Mixtral of Experts
1 critique · 2 beaten on benchmarks
- 11LoRAMoEin HydraLoRA
LoRAMoE: Alleviate World Knowledge Forgetting in Large Language Models via MoE-Style Plugin
3 critique · 5 beaten on benchmarks
- 12Upcycling
Sparse Upcycling: Training Mixture-of-Experts from Dense Checkpoints
3 critique · 2 beaten on benchmarks
The competition
Methods that fight on the same benchmarks cluster into distinct sub-problems.
MC-SMoE220 methods
MC-SMoE · Fiddler · EdgeMoE · MoE-Pruner · Pre-gated MoE · SEER-MoE
Switch Transformer143 methods
Switch Transformer · GShard · Tutel · DeepSpeed-MoE · X-MoE · FlexMoE
MoE-LLaVA34 methods
MoE-LLaVA · Expert Choice · ST-MoE · Loss-free balancing · auxiliary losses · MoCLE
U-Mamba28 methods
U-Mamba · Vision Transformers · DeblurGAN-v2 · GLARE · Retinexformer · VQCNIR
The frontier
Recent methods not yet superseded in the knowledge base.
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