Beyond Bell's Theorem II: Scenarios with arbitrary causal structure
This work provides a foundational framework for analyzing quantum correlations and causal inference with latent variables, applicable broadly in quantum information and causal modeling, though it is incremental in extending existing concepts.
The paper tackles the problem of extending the study of non-classical quantum correlations beyond traditional Bell scenarios by proposing a unified formalism based on directed acyclic graphs, which captures various extensions and shows that sources, settings, and measurements are all instances of the same event concept.
It has recently been found that Bell scenarios are only a small subclass of interesting setups for studying the non-classical features of quantum theory within spacetime. We find that it is possible to talk about classical correlations, quantum correlations and other kinds of correlations on any directed acyclic graph, and this captures various extensions of Bell scenarios which have been considered in the literature. From a conceptual point of view, the main feature of our approach is its high level of unification: while the notions of source, choice of setting and measurement play all seemingly different roles in a Bell scenario, our formalism shows that they are all instances of the same concept of "event". Our work can also be understood as a contribution to the subject of causal inference with latent variables. Among other things, we introduce hidden Bayesian networks as a generalization of hidden Markov models.