The Computational Power of Optimization in Online Learning
This work addresses computational efficiency in online learning for scenarios with optimization oracles, offering significant speedups for applications like game theory and expert systems, though it is incremental in building on existing oracle models.
The paper tackles the problem of prediction with expert advice when experts are 'optimizable' via a black-box oracle, achieving vanishing regret with total computation time of ̃O(√N) and proving a matching lower bound, showing a quadratic speedup compared to the standard setting. It also extends these results to learning in repeated zero-sum games, demonstrating similar runtime improvements.
We consider the fundamental problem of prediction with expert advice where the experts are "optimizable": there is a black-box optimization oracle that can be used to compute, in constant time, the leading expert in retrospect at any point in time. In this setting, we give a novel online algorithm that attains vanishing regret with respect to $N$ experts in total $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{N})$ computation time. We also give a lower bound showing that this running time cannot be improved (up to log factors) in the oracle model, thereby exhibiting a quadratic speedup as compared to the standard, oracle-free setting where the required time for vanishing regret is $\widetildeΘ(N)$. These results demonstrate an exponential gap between the power of optimization in online learning and its power in statistical learning: in the latter, an optimization oracle---i.e., an efficient empirical risk minimizer---allows to learn a finite hypothesis class of size $N$ in time $O(\log{N})$. We also study the implications of our results to learning in repeated zero-sum games, in a setting where the players have access to oracles that compute, in constant time, their best-response to any mixed strategy of their opponent. We show that the runtime required for approximating the minimax value of the game in this setting is $\widetildeΘ(\sqrt{N})$, yielding again a quadratic improvement upon the oracle-free setting, where $\widetildeΘ(N)$ is known to be tight.