Scaling Text with the Class Affinity Model
This addresses the need for latent text analysis in political science, though it is incremental as it adapts existing probabilistic methods to a specific domain.
The paper tackled the problem of estimating ideological positions of legislators from text, specifically scaling 55 Irish legislators in a 1991 confidence vote, and developed a model that revealed nuances in speeches not captured by votes or party affiliations.
Probabilistic methods for classifying text form a rich tradition in machine learning and natural language processing. For many important problems, however, class prediction is uninteresting because the class is known, and instead the focus shifts to estimating latent quantities related to the text, such as affect or ideology. We focus on one such problem of interest, estimating the ideological positions of 55 Irish legislators in the 1991 Dáil confidence vote. To solve the Dáil scaling problem and others like it, we develop a text modeling framework that allows actors to take latent positions on a "gray" spectrum between "black" and "white" polar opposites. We are able to validate results from this model by measuring the influences exhibited by individual words, and we are able to quantify the uncertainty in the scaling estimates by using a sentence-level block bootstrap. Applying our method to the Dáil debate, we are able to scale the legislators between extreme pro-government and pro-opposition in a way that reveals nuances in their speeches not captured by their votes or party affiliations.