Estimating Learnability in the Sublinear Data Regime
This work addresses the challenge of assessing model performance with limited data, which is incremental but offers practical benefits for data-efficient machine learning applications.
The paper tackles the problem of estimating how well a model class can fit a distribution of labeled data, showing that it is possible to accurately estimate this 'learnability' with sublinear sample sizes, such as O(√d) samples for isotropic covariance settings, compared to O(d) samples needed for learning the model itself.
We consider the problem of estimating how well a model class is capable of fitting a distribution of labeled data. We show that it is often possible to accurately estimate this "learnability" even when given an amount of data that is too small to reliably learn any accurate model. Our first result applies to the setting where the data is drawn from a $d$-dimensional distribution with isotropic covariance (or known covariance), and the label of each datapoint is an arbitrary noisy function of the datapoint. In this setting, we show that with $O(\sqrt{d})$ samples, one can accurately estimate the fraction of the variance of the label that can be explained via the best linear function of the data. In contrast to this sublinear sample size, finding an approximation of the best-fit linear function requires on the order of $d$ samples. Our sublinear sample results and approach also extend to the non-isotropic setting, where the data distribution has an (unknown) arbitrary covariance matrix: we show that, if the label $y$ of point $x$ is a linear function with independent noise, $y = \langle x , β\rangle + noise$ with $\|β\|$ bounded, the variance of the noise can be estimated to error $ε$ with $O(d^{1-1/\log{1/ε}})$ if the covariance matrix has bounded condition number, or $O(d^{1-\sqrtε})$ if there are no bounds on the condition number. We also establish that these sample complexities are optimal, to constant factors. Finally, we extend these techniques to the setting of binary classification, where we obtain analogous sample complexities for the problem of estimating the prediction error of the best linear classifier, in a natural model of binary labeled data. We demonstrate the practical viability of our approaches on several real and synthetic datasets.