All roads lead to Rome: Many ways to double spend your cryptocurrency
This addresses security risks for users and developers of blockchain platforms, though it is incremental as it builds on existing knowledge of double-spend attacks.
The paper tackles the problem of double-spend attacks in cryptocurrencies beyond the well-known 51% attacks, identifying multiple vulnerabilities in platforms like EOS and NEO, and proposes an efficient mitigation measure.
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto proposed an electronic cash system (bitcoin) that is completely realized by peer-to-peer technology. The core value of this scheme is that it proposes a solution based on Proof-of Work, so that the cash system can run in a peer-to-peer environment and be able to prevent double-spend attacks. Bitcoin has been developed for ten years, and since then countless digital currencies have been created. But the discussion of double-spend attacks seems to still concentrate on 51% Attacks. In fact, our research has found that there are many other way to achieve double-spend attacks. In this paper, by introducing a number of double-spend attack vulnerabilities that we have found in EOS, NEO and other large blockchain platforms, we summarized various reasons for causing double-spend attacks, and propose an efficient mitigation measure against them.