A 3D boundary integral method for the electrohydrodynamics of surfactant-covered drops
This work provides a high-fidelity simulation tool for electrohydrodynamics of surfactant-covered drops, addressing a need in microfluidics and colloidal science.
The authors developed a highly accurate 3D boundary integral method for simulating surfactant-covered drops under electric fields, validated against theoretical and experimental results including a new second-order theory for quadrupole fields.
We present a highly accurate numerical method based on a boundary integral formulation and the leaky dielectric model to study the dynamics of surfactant-covered drops in the presence of an applied electric field. The method can simulate interacting 3D drops (no axisymmetric simplification) in close proximity, can consider different viscosities, is adaptive in time and able to handle substantial drop deformation. For each drop global representations of the variables based on spherical harmonics expansions are used and the spectral accuracy is achieved by designing specific numerical tools: a specialized quadrature method for the singular and nearly singular integrals that appear in the formulation, a general preconditioner for the implicit treatment of the surfactant diffusion and a reparametrization procedure able to ensure a high-quality representation of the drops also under deformation. Our numerical method is validated against theoretical, numerical and experimental results available in the literature, as well as a new second-order theory developed for a surfactant-laden drop placed in a quadrupole electric field.