Exploring the Attack Surface of Blockchain: A Systematic Overview
This work provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain vulnerabilities, which is crucial for developers and researchers in cybersecurity, though it is incremental as it synthesizes existing knowledge.
The paper systematically explores the attack surface of blockchain technology, focusing on public blockchains, by attributing attack viability to cryptographic constructs, distributed architecture, and application context, and outlines various attacks and their causal relationships.
In this paper, we systematically explore the attack surface of the Blockchain technology, with an emphasis on public Blockchains. Towards this goal, we attribute attack viability in the attack surface to 1) the Blockchain cryptographic constructs, 2) the distributed architecture of the systems using Blockchain, and 3) the Blockchain application context. To each of those contributing factors, we outline several attacks, including selfish mining, the 51% attack, Domain Name System (DNS) attacks, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, consensus delay (due to selfish behavior or distributed denial-of-service attacks), Blockchain forks, orphaned and stale blocks, block ingestion, wallet thefts, smart contract attacks, and privacy attacks. We also explore the causal relationships between these attacks to demonstrate how various attack vectors are connected to one another. A secondary contribution of this work is outlining effective defense measures taken by the Blockchain technology or proposed by researchers to mitigate the effects of these attacks and patch associated vulnerabilities