Neverland: Lightweight Hardware Extensions for Enforcing Operating System Integrity
This addresses security vulnerabilities in operating systems for users and systems relying on kernel trust, though it is incremental as it builds on existing hardware-assisted protection methods.
The paper tackles the problem of protecting operating system integrity from rootkits and kernel-mode malware by introducing Neverland, a hardware-assisted memory protection scheme that restricts the OS's ability to modify critical configuration registers and memory regions, resulting in minimal silicon and energy overheads.
The security of applications hinges on the trustworthiness of the operating system, as applications rely on the OS to protect code and data. As a result, multiple protections for safeguarding the integrity of kernel code and data are being continuously proposed and deployed. These existing protections, however, are far from ideal as they either provide partial protection, or require complex and high overhead hardware and software stacks. In this work, we present Neverland: a low-overhead, hardware-assisted, memory protection scheme that safeguards the operating system from rootkits and kernel-mode malware. Once the system is done booting, Neverland's hardware takes away the operating system's ability to overwrite certain configuration registers, as well as portions of its own physical address space that contain kernel code and security-critical data. Furthermore, it prohibits the CPU from fetching privileged code from any memory region lying outside the physical addresses assigned to the OS kernel and drivers (regardless of virtual page permissions). This combination of protections makes it extremely hard for an attacker to tamper with the kernel or introduce new privileged code into the system -- even in the presence of kernel vulnerabilities. Our evaluations show that the extra hardware required to support these protections incurs minimal silicon and energy overheads. Neverland enables operating systems to reduce their attack surface without having to rely on complex integrity monitoring software or hardware.