Intrinsic dimension of data representations in deep neural networks
This provides insights into the geometric properties of learned representations, which could help understand generalization in neural networks, though it is incremental in nature.
The study investigated the intrinsic dimensionality (ID) of data representations in deep neural networks, finding that ID is much smaller than the layer size, follows a pattern of increase then decrease across layers, and predicts test classification accuracy.
Deep neural networks progressively transform their inputs across multiple processing layers. What are the geometrical properties of the representations learned by these networks? Here we study the intrinsic dimensionality (ID) of data-representations, i.e. the minimal number of parameters needed to describe a representation. We find that, in a trained network, the ID is orders of magnitude smaller than the number of units in each layer. Across layers, the ID first increases and then progressively decreases in the final layers. Remarkably, the ID of the last hidden layer predicts classification accuracy on the test set. These results can neither be found by linear dimensionality estimates (e.g., with principal component analysis), nor in representations that had been artificially linearized. They are neither found in untrained networks, nor in networks that are trained on randomized labels. This suggests that neural networks that can generalize are those that transform the data into low-dimensional, but not necessarily flat manifolds.