`Project & Excite' Modules for Segmentation of Volumetric Medical Scans
This work addresses segmentation challenges in medical imaging for clinicians and researchers, but it is incremental as it adapts existing 2D methods to 3D.
The paper tackles the problem of segmenting volumetric medical scans by extending squeeze and excitation modules to 3D, resulting in a 5% Dice score improvement with only a 2% increase in model complexity.
Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (F-CNNs) achieve state-of-the-art performance for image segmentation in medical imaging. Recently, squeeze and excitation (SE) modules and variations thereof have been introduced to recalibrate feature maps channel- and spatial-wise, which can boost performance while only minimally increasing model complexity. So far, the development of SE has focused on 2D images. In this paper, we propose `Project & Excite' (PE) modules that base upon the ideas of SE and extend them to operating on 3D volumetric images. `Project & Excite' does not perform global average pooling, but squeezes feature maps along different slices of a tensor separately to retain more spatial information that is subsequently used in the excitation step. We demonstrate that PE modules can be easily integrated in 3D U-Net, boosting performance by 5% Dice points, while only increasing the model complexity by 2%. We evaluate the PE module on two challenging tasks, whole-brain segmentation of MRI scans and whole-body segmentation of CT scans. Code: https://github.com/ai-med/squeeze_and_excitation