Self-adaptive Potential-based Stopping Criteria for Particle Swarm Optimization
This addresses the issue of premature or delayed termination in PSO for optimization practitioners, though it is incremental as it builds on existing potential-based methods.
The paper tackles the problem of inefficient stopping in Particle Swarm Optimization by proposing self-adaptive criteria based on forced moves, resulting in finding good solutions much faster than other criteria.
We study the variant of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) that applies random velocities in a dimension instead of the regular velocity update equations as soon as the so-called potential of the swarm falls below a certain bound in this dimension, arbitrarily set by the user. In this case, the swarm performs a forced move. In this paper, we are interested in how, by counting the forced moves, the swarm can decide for itself to stop its movement because it is improbable to find better solution candidates as it already has found. We formally prove that when the swarm is close to a (local) optimum, it behaves like a blind-searching cloud, and that the frequency of forced moves exceeds a certain, objective function-independent value. Based on this observation, we define stopping criteria and evaluate them experimentally showing that good solution candidates can be found much faster than applying other criteria.