On the Complexity of Approximating Multimarginal Optimal Transport
This work addresses computational bottlenecks in multimarginal optimal transport, a generalization of optimal transport with applications in machine learning and imaging, though it is incremental as it builds on Sinkhorn-based methods.
The paper tackles the complexity of approximating multimarginal optimal transport (MOT) for m distributions, showing that standard linear programming is inefficient for m≥3 and proposing two deterministic algorithms: a multimarginal Sinkhorn algorithm with complexity Õ(m³nᵐε⁻²) and an accelerated version with Õ(m³nᵐ⁺¹/³ε⁻⁴/³), offering near-linear time guarantees and outperforming existing methods in experiments.
We study the complexity of approximating the multimarginal optimal transport (MOT) distance, a generalization of the classical optimal transport distance, considered here between $m$ discrete probability distributions supported each on $n$ support points. First, we show that the standard linear programming (LP) representation of the MOT problem is not a minimum-cost flow problem when $m \geq 3$. This negative result implies that some combinatorial algorithms, e.g., network simplex method, are not suitable for approximating the MOT problem, while the worst-case complexity bound for the deterministic interior-point algorithm remains a quantity of $\tilde{O}(n^{3m})$. We then propose two simple and \textit{deterministic} algorithms for approximating the MOT problem. The first algorithm, which we refer to as \textit{multimarginal Sinkhorn} algorithm, is a provably efficient multimarginal generalization of the Sinkhorn algorithm. We show that it achieves a complexity bound of $\tilde{O}(m^3n^m\varepsilon^{-2})$ for a tolerance $\varepsilon \in (0, 1)$. This provides a first \textit{near-linear time} complexity bound guarantee for approximating the MOT problem and matches the best known complexity bound for the Sinkhorn algorithm in the classical OT setting when $m = 2$. The second algorithm, which we refer to as \textit{accelerated multimarginal Sinkhorn} algorithm, achieves the acceleration by incorporating an estimate sequence and the complexity bound is $\tilde{O}(m^3n^{m+1/3}\varepsilon^{-4/3})$. This bound is better than that of the first algorithm in terms of $1/\varepsilon$, and accelerated alternating minimization algorithm~\citep{Tupitsa-2020-Multimarginal} in terms of $n$. Finally, we compare our new algorithms with the commercial LP solver \textsc{Gurobi}. Preliminary results on synthetic data and real images demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms.