Smartphone and the changing practices of face-to-face interaction
This research addresses the problem of understanding smartphone impacts on social interactions for sociologists and communication researchers, but it is incremental as it builds on prior empirical work with theoretical additions.
The study tackled how smartphones affect face-to-face interactions by introducing two new concepts: 'sticky media device' for attention retention on devices during conversations, and 'bystander inaccessibility' for the difficulty bystanders have in understanding smartphone users' actions, using ethnomethodology and multiple data sources.
Smartphone use has grown rapidly, but the ways it shapes concurrent face-to-face interaction remains scarcely studied. In our research we have formulated two new concepts to depict this: 1) Sticky media device illustrates situations in which a person using a screen media device is difficult to get fully involved with ongoing face-to-face conversation. Their attention is not easily removed from the "sticky" device or returns to it quickly even if it is momentarily removed. This article adds to the theoretical underpinnings of the concept that we previously described mainly empirically. By 2) bystander inaccessibility we mean the difficulty of a bystander to a smartphone user to be aware of what kind of action the user is undertaking with the device and what the phase of the activity is. Our research is based on the theory of ethnomethodology. In addition to ethnomethodological analysis of interaction, we also apply other reseach methods. We illustrate the phenomena of sticky media device and bystander inaccessibility by analyzing 1) naturalistic video data, 2) written role playing materials and 3) quantitative data, all of which concentrate on the overlapping of smartphone use and face-to-face conversation.