MP3 Compression To Diminish Adversarial Noise in End-to-End Speech Recognition
This addresses security vulnerabilities in ASR systems for applications like voice assistants, but it is incremental as it applies an existing compression method to a known threat.
The paper tackles the problem of audio adversarial examples (AAEs) tricking automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems by proposing MP3 compression to reduce adversarial noise, finding that it lowers character error rates and increases signal-to-noise ratios for AAEs.
Audio Adversarial Examples (AAE) represent specially created inputs meant to trick Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems into misclassification. The present work proposes MP3 compression as a means to decrease the impact of Adversarial Noise (AN) in audio samples transcribed by ASR systems. To this end, we generated AAEs with the Fast Gradient Sign Method for an end-to-end, hybrid CTC-attention ASR system. Our method is then validated by two objective indicators: (1) Character Error Rates (CER) that measure the speech decoding performance of four ASR models trained on uncompressed, as well as MP3-compressed data sets and (2) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) estimated for both uncompressed and MP3-compressed AAEs that are reconstructed in the time domain by feature inversion. We found that MP3 compression applied to AAEs indeed reduces the CER when compared to uncompressed AAEs. Moreover, feature-inverted (reconstructed) AAEs had significantly higher SNRs after MP3 compression, indicating that AN was reduced. In contrast to AN, MP3 compression applied to utterances augmented with regular noise resulted in more transcription errors, giving further evidence that MP3 encoding is effective in diminishing only AN.