A High-Level Description and Performance Evaluation of Pupil Invisible
This addresses usability and reliability problems for researchers and users of eye-tracking technology in real-world settings, though it appears incremental as an evaluation of an existing product.
The paper evaluates Pupil Invisible glasses, a head-mounted eye tracker designed to overcome limitations like calibration requirements and robustness issues, finding that it provides robust gaze estimates without calibration, including in outdoor conditions and against slippage.
Head-mounted eye trackers promise convenient access to reliable gaze data in unconstrained environments. Due to several limitations, however, often they can only partially deliver on this promise. Among those are the following: (i) the necessity of performing a device setup and calibration prior to every use of the eye tracker, (ii) a lack of robustness of gaze-estimation results against perturbations, such as outdoor lighting conditions and unavoidable slippage of the eye tracker on the head of the subject, and (iii) behavioral distortion resulting from social awkwardness, due to the unnatural appearance of current head-mounted eye trackers. Recently, Pupil Labs released Pupil Invisible glasses, a head-mounted eye tracker engineered to tackle these limitations. Here, we present an extensive evaluation of its gaze-estimation capabilities. To this end, we designed a data-collection protocol and evaluation scheme geared towards providing a faithful portrayal of the real-world usage of Pupil Invisible glasses. In particular, we develop a geometric framework for gauging gaze-estimation accuracy that goes beyond reporting mean angular accuracy. We demonstrate that Pupil Invisible glasses, without the need of a calibration, provide gaze estimates which are robust to perturbations, including outdoor lighting conditions and slippage of the headset.