DeepControl: 2D RF pulses facilitating $B_1^+$ inhomogeneity and $B_0$ off-resonance compensation in vivo at 7T
This addresses the need for subject-specific, high-quality MRI pulse design without lengthy optimizations, primarily for medical imaging researchers and practitioners, but it is incremental as it applies an existing neural network approach to a specific bottleneck in MRI.
The paper tackled the problem of compensating for B1+ inhomogeneity and B0 off-resonance in MRI at 7T by using a convolutional neural network to rapidly design 2D RF pulses, achieving prediction times of approximately 9 ms and performance comparable to conventional optimal control methods in phantom and in vivo experiments.
Purpose: Rapid 2D RF pulse design with subject specific $B_1^+$ inhomogeneity and $B_0$ off-resonance compensation at 7 T predicted from convolutional neural networks is presented. Methods: The convolution neural network was trained on half a million single-channel transmit, 2D RF pulses optimized with an optimal control method using artificial 2D targets, $B_1^+$ and $B_0$ maps. Predicted pulses were tested in a phantom and in vivo at 7 T with measured $B_1^+$ and $B_0$ maps from a high-resolution GRE sequence. Results: Pulse prediction by the trained convolutional neural network was done on the fly during the MR session in approximately 9 ms for multiple hand drawn ROIs and the measured $B_1^+$ and $B_0$ maps. Compensation of $B_1^+$ inhomogeneity and $B_0$ off-resonances has been confirmed in the phantom and in vivo experiments. The reconstructed image data agrees well with the simulations using the acquired $B_1^+$ and $B_0$ maps and the 2D RF pulse predicted by the convolutional neural networks is as good as the conventional RF pulse obtained by optimal control. Conclusion: The proposed convolutional neural network based 2D RF pulse design method predicts 2D RF pulses with an excellent excitation pattern and compensated $B_1^+$ and $B_0$ variations at 7 T. The rapid 2D RF pulse prediction (9 ms) enables subject-specific high-quality 2D RF pulses without the need to run lengthy optimizations.