Forgery Blind Inspection for Detecting Manipulations of Gel Electrophoresis Images
This addresses the issue of research misconduct through falsified images in molecular biology, providing a tool for integrity checks, though it is incremental as it adapts existing forgery detection to a new domain.
The paper tackles the problem of detecting forgeries in molecular-biological experiment images, specifically western blot and polymerase chain reaction images, by proposing a fast blind inquiry method called FBI_GEL that reveals traceable vestiges of manipulations, with results showing doubtful unnatural patterns in questioned papers.
Recently, falsified images have been found in papers involved in research misconducts. However, although there have been many image forgery detection methods, none of them was designed for molecular-biological experiment images. In this paper, we proposed a fast blind inquiry method, named FBI$_{GEL}$, for integrity of images obtained from two common sorts of molecular experiments, i.e., western blot (WB) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on an optimized pseudo-background capable of highlighting local residues, FBI$_{GEL}$ can reveal traceable vestiges suggesting inappropriate local modifications on WB/PCR images. Additionally, because the optimized pseudo-background is derived according to a closed-form solution, FBI$_{GEL}$ is computationally efficient and thus suitable for large scale inquiry tasks for WB/PCR image integrity. We applied FBI$_{GEL}$ on several papers questioned by the public on \textbf{PUBPEER}, and our results show that figures of those papers indeed contain doubtful unnatural patterns.