Automated Detection of Double Nuclei Galaxies using GOTHIC and the Discovery of a Large Sample of Dual AGN
This work provides a systematic method for astronomers to identify rare dual and triple active galactic nuclei, which are crucial for understanding supermassive black hole formation and galaxy evolution.
The authors developed GOTHIC, an algorithm to detect double nuclei galaxies (DNGs) in astronomical images. Applying GOTHIC to a sample of one million SDSS DR16 galaxies, they discovered 159 dual AGN systems, including 2 triple AGN systems, and observed that star formation is quenched as nuclei in DNGs become closer and the AGN fraction increases.
We present a novel algorithm to detect double nuclei galaxies (DNG) called GOTHIC (Graph BOosted iterated HIll Climbing) - that detects whether a given image of a galaxy has two or more closely separated nuclei. Our aim is to detect samples of dual or multiple active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxies. Although galaxy mergers are common, the detection of dual AGN is rare. Their detection is very important as they help us understand the formation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries, SMBH growth and AGN feedback effects in multiple nuclei systems. There is thus a need for an algorithm to do a systematic survey of existing imaging data for the discovery of DNGs and dual AGN. We have tested GOTHIC on a known sample of DNGs and subsequently applied it to a sample of a million SDSS DR16 galaxies lying in the redshift range of 0 to 0.75 approximately, and have available spectroscopic data. We have detected 159 dual AGN in this sample, of which 2 are triple AGN systems. Our results show that dual AGN are not common, and triple AGN even rarer. The color (u-r) magnitude plots of the DNGs indicate that star formation is quenched as the nuclei come closer and as the AGN fraction increases. The quenching is especially prominent for dual/triple AGN galaxies that lie in the extreme end of the red sequence.