An Odor Labeling Convolutional Encoder-Decoder for Odor Sensing in Machine Olfaction
This work addresses the problem of accurate odor identification for machine olfaction, which is an incremental step in applying deep learning to this domain.
This paper proposes an odor labeling convolutional encoder-decoder (OLCE) for odor identification using an electronic nose. The OLCE achieved an accuracy of 92.57%, precision of 92.29%, recall rate of 92.06%, F1-Score of 91.96%, and Kappa coefficient of 90.76%, outperforming other algorithms in machine olfaction.
Deep learning methods have been widely applied to visual and acoustic technology. In this paper, we proposed an odor labeling convolutional encoder-decoder (OLCE) for odor identification in machine olfaction. OLCE composes a convolutional neural network encoder and decoder where the encoder output is constrained to odor labels. An electronic nose was used for the data collection of gas responses followed by a normative experimental procedure. Several evaluation indexes were calculated to evaluate the algorithm effectiveness: accuracy 92.57%, precision 92.29%, recall rate 92.06%, F1-Score 91.96%, and Kappa coefficient 90.76%. We also compared the model with some algorithms used in machine olfaction. The comparison result demonstrated that OLCE had the best performance among these algorithms. In the paper, some perspectives of machine olfactions have been also discussed.