Drivers' Manoeuvre Modelling and Prediction for Safe HRI
This work addresses safety in interactions between humans and semi-autonomous vehicles, though it appears incremental as it builds on previous results with improvements in performance and generalization to unknown subjects.
The paper tackled the problem of predicting human intentions for safe human-robot interaction by developing a data-driven approach to classify and predict driving manoeuvres, achieving over 95% precision and recall for identification and 86% for prediction with up to 1-second time windows.
As autonomous machines such as robots and vehicles start performing tasks involving human users, ensuring a safe interaction between them becomes an important issue. Translating methods from human-robot interaction (HRI) studies to the interaction between humans and other highly complex machines (e.g. semi-autonomous vehicles) could help advance the use of those machines in scenarios requiring human interaction. One method involves understanding human intentions and decision-making to estimate the human's present and near-future actions whilst interacting with a robot. This idea originates from the psychological concept of Theory of Mind, which has been broadly explored for robotics and recently for autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles. In this work, we explored how to predict human intentions before an action is performed by combining data from human-motion, vehicle-state and human inputs (e.g. steering wheel, pedals). A data-driven approach based on Recurrent Neural Network models was used to classify the current driving manoeuvre and to predict the future manoeuvre to be performed. A state-transition model was used with a fixed set of manoeuvres to label data recorded during the trials for real-time applications. Models were trained and tested using drivers of different seat preferences, driving expertise and arm-length; precision and recall metrics over 95% for manoeuvre identification and 86% for manoeuvre prediction were achieved, with prediction time-windows of up to 1 second for both known and unknown test subjects. Compared to our previous results, performance improved and manoeuvre prediction was possible for unknown test subjects without knowing the current manoeuvre.