PHYSFRAME: Type Checking Physical Frames of Reference for Robotic Systems
This addresses a critical and challenging issue for robotic system developers, reducing errors in frame translations, though it is an incremental improvement in type systems for robotics.
The paper tackles the problem of error-prone frame-of-reference handling in robotic systems by developing a novel type system that automatically infers and checks frame types, detecting 190 inconsistencies with 154 true positives and 45 violations of common practices in 180 ROS projects.
A robotic system continuously measures its own motions and the external world during operation. Such measurements are with respect to some frame of reference, i.e., a coordinate system. A nontrivial robotic system has a large number of different frames and data have to be translated back-and-forth from a frame to another. The onus is on the developers to get such translation right. However, this is very challenging and error-prone, evidenced by the large number of questions and issues related to frame uses on developers' forum. Since any state variable can be associated with some frame, reference frames can be naturally modeled as variable types. We hence develop a novel type system that can automatically infer variables' frame types and in turn detect any type inconsistencies and violations of frame conventions. The evaluation on a set of 180 publicly available ROS projects shows that our system can detect 190 inconsistencies with 154 true positives. We reported 52 to developers and received 18 responses so far, with 15 fixed/acknowledged. Our technique also finds 45 violations of common practices.