Memory-Efficient Factorization Machines via Binarizing both Data and Model Coefficients
This work addresses memory efficiency for factorization machines in applications like recommendation systems, but it is incremental as it builds on SEFM with a binarization technique.
The paper tackles the high memory cost of Subspace Encoding Factorization Machines (SEFM) by proposing Binarized FM, which constrains model parameters to binary values (1 or -1) to reduce storage to one bit per parameter, achieving comparable accuracy to SEFM on eight classification datasets with significantly lower memory usage.
Factorization Machines (FM), a general predictor that can efficiently model feature interactions in linear time, was primarily proposed for collaborative recommendation and have been broadly used for regression, classification and ranking tasks. Subspace Encoding Factorization Machine (SEFM) has been proposed recently to overcome the expressiveness limitation of Factorization Machines (FM) by applying explicit nonlinear feature mapping for both individual features and feature interactions through one-hot encoding to each input feature. Despite the effectiveness of SEFM, it increases the memory cost of FM by $b$ times, where $b$ is the number of bins when applying one-hot encoding on each input feature. To reduce the memory cost of SEFM, we propose a new method called Binarized FM which constraints the model parameters to be binary values (i.e., 1 or $-1$). Then each parameter value can be efficiently stored in one bit. Our proposed method can significantly reduce the memory cost of SEFM model. In addition, we propose a new algorithm to effectively and efficiently learn proposed FM with binary constraints using Straight Through Estimator (STE) with Adaptive Gradient Descent (Adagrad). Finally, we evaluate the performance of our proposed method on eight different classification datasets. Our experimental results have demonstrated that our proposed method achieves comparable accuracy with SEFM but with much less memory cost.