United Nation Security Council in Quantum World: Experimental Realization of Quantum Anonymous Veto Protocols using IBM Quantum Computer
This work addresses the need for secure anonymous veto mechanisms in scenarios like international diplomacy, though it is incremental as it experimentally validates existing theoretical protocols.
The authors tackled the problem of implementing quantum anonymous veto protocols, which allow members like those in the UN Security Council to veto decisions anonymously, by experimentally realizing two such protocols on an IBM quantum computer. They found that the Bell state-based protocol performed better than GHZ/cluster state-based ones, with specific noise impacts ordered as phase damping, amplitude damping, depolarizing, and bit-flip.
United Nation (UN) security council has fifteen members, out of which five permanent members of the council can use their veto power against any unfavorable decision taken by the council. In certain situation, a member using right to veto may prefer to remain anonymous. This need leads to the requirement of the protocols for anonymous veto which can be viewed as a special type of voting. Recently, a few protocols for quantum anonymous veto have been designed which clearly show quantum advantages in ensuring anonymity of the veto. However, none of the efficient protocols for quantum anonymous veto have yet been experimentally realized. Here, we implement 2 of those protocols for quantum anonymous veto using an IBM quantum computer named IBMQ Casablanca and different quantum resources like Bell, GHZ and cluster states. In this set of proof-of-principle experiments, it's observed that using the present technology, a protocol for quantum anonymous veto can be realized experimentally if the number of people who can veto remains small as in the case of UN council. Further, it's observed that Bell state based protocol implemented here performs better than the GHZ/cluster state based implementation of the other protocol in an ideal scenario as well as in presence of different types of noise (amplitude damping, phase damping, depolarizing and bit-flip noise). In addition, it's observed that based on diminishing impact on fidelity, different noise models studied here can be ordered in ascending order as phase damping, amplitude damping, depolarizing, bit-flip.