Three-Module Modeling For End-to-End Spoken Language Understanding Using Pre-trained DNN-HMM-Based Acoustic-Phonetic Model
This work addresses real-time streaming SLU for applications like voice assistants, but it is incremental as it builds on prior methods with optimizations.
The paper tackles improving end-to-end spoken language understanding by using a pre-trained acoustic-phonetic model and multi-target learning, achieving a 40% relative reduction in intent-classification error rates and 99.4% intent accuracy on FluentSpeech.
In spoken language understanding (SLU), what the user says is converted to his/her intent. Recent work on end-to-end SLU has shown that accuracy can be improved via pre-training approaches. We revisit ideas presented by Lugosch et al. using speech pre-training and three-module modeling; however, to ease construction of the end-to-end SLU model, we use as our phoneme module an open-source acoustic-phonetic model from a DNN-HMM hybrid automatic speech recognition (ASR) system instead of training one from scratch. Hence we fine-tune on speech only for the word module, and we apply multi-target learning (MTL) on the word and intent modules to jointly optimize SLU performance. MTL yields a relative reduction of 40% in intent-classification error rates (from 1.0% to 0.6%). Note that our three-module model is a streaming method. The final outcome of the proposed three-module modeling approach yields an intent accuracy of 99.4% on FluentSpeech, an intent error rate reduction of 50% compared to that of Lugosch et al. Although we focus on real-time streaming methods, we also list non-streaming methods for comparison.