Learning Physics between Digital Twins with Low-Fidelity Models and Physics-Informed Gaussian Processes
This work addresses the challenge of personalizing digital twins in fields like healthcare and engineering by improving accuracy and uncertainty quantification, though it is incremental as it builds on existing Bayesian and physics-informed methods.
The paper tackles the problem of learning physical parameters for individual digital twins when using imperfect low-fidelity models, by introducing a Bayesian hierarchical framework that incorporates model discrepancy and shares information between individuals. The results show that this approach reduces bias and uncertainty compared to independent models, as demonstrated in a toy example and a cardiovascular model for hypertension treatment.
A digital twin is a computer model that represents an individual, for example, a component, a patient or a process. In many situations, we want to gain knowledge about an individual from its data while incorporating imperfect physical knowledge and also learn from data from other individuals. In this paper, we introduce a fully Bayesian methodology for learning between digital twins in a setting where the physical parameters of each individual are of interest. A model discrepancy term is incorporated in the model formulation of each personalized model to account for the missing physics of the low-fidelity model. To allow sharing of information between individuals, we introduce a Bayesian Hierarchical modelling framework where the individual models are connected through a new level in the hierarchy. Our methodology is demonstrated in two case studies, a toy example previously used in the literature extended to more individuals and a cardiovascular model relevant for the treatment of Hypertension. The case studies show that 1) models not accounting for imperfect physical models are biased and over-confident, 2) the models accounting for imperfect physical models are more uncertain but cover the truth, 3) the models learning between digital twins have less uncertainty than the corresponding independent individual models, but are not over-confident.