Insurgency as Complex Network: Image Co-Appearance and Hierarchy in the PKK
This addresses the data accessibility issue for researchers studying insurgent networks, though it is incremental in applying existing deep learning techniques to a new domain.
The paper tackled the problem of empirically studying insurgent group structure by developing a new methodology that uses deep learning to create social network graphs from co-appearance in photographs, applied to 19,115 obituary images from the PKK, showing that centrality in the network correlates with rank in the group.
Despite a growing recognition of the importance of insurgent group structure on conflict outcomes, there is very little empirical research thereon. Though this problem is rooted in the inaccessibility of data on militant group structure, insurgents frequently publish large volumes of image data on the internet. In this paper, I develop a new methodology that leverages this abundant but underutilized source of data by automating the creation of a social network graph based on co-appearance in photographs using deep learning. Using a trove of 19,115 obituary images published online by the PKK, a Kurdish militant group in Turkey, I demonstrate that an individual's centrality in the resulting co-appearance network is closely correlated with their rank in the insurgent group.