Teacher Intervention: Improving Convergence of Quantization Aware Training for Ultra-Low Precision Transformers
This addresses the accuracy degradation issue in low-bit quantization for Transformers, which is crucial for reducing implementation costs and energy consumption in resource-constrained applications.
The paper tackles the problem of unstable convergence in quantization-aware training (QAT) for ultra-low precision Transformers, proposing Teacher Intervention (TI) to smooth the loss surface and expedite convergence, achieving superior accuracy with significantly lower fine-tuning iterations compared to state-of-the-art methods.
Pre-trained Transformer models such as BERT have shown great success in a wide range of applications, but at the cost of substantial increases in model complexity. Quantization-aware training (QAT) is a promising method to lower the implementation cost and energy consumption. However, aggressive quantization below 2-bit causes considerable accuracy degradation due to unstable convergence, especially when the downstream dataset is not abundant. This work proposes a proactive knowledge distillation method called Teacher Intervention (TI) for fast converging QAT of ultra-low precision pre-trained Transformers. TI intervenes layer-wise signal propagation with the intact signal from the teacher to remove the interference of propagated quantization errors, smoothing loss surface of QAT and expediting the convergence. Furthermore, we propose a gradual intervention mechanism to stabilize the recovery of subsections of Transformer layers from quantization. The proposed schemes enable fast convergence of QAT and improve the model accuracy regardless of the diverse characteristics of downstream fine-tuning tasks. We demonstrate that TI consistently achieves superior accuracy with significantly lower fine-tuning iterations on well-known Transformers of natural language processing as well as computer vision compared to the state-of-the-art QAT methods.