Scaling Up 3D Kernels with Bayesian Frequency Re-parameterization for Medical Image Segmentation
This work addresses a bottleneck in medical image segmentation by enhancing large kernel CNNs to achieve state-of-the-art performance, though it is incremental as it builds on existing re-parameterization and large kernel methods.
The paper tackles the problem of performance saturation and degradation when scaling up 3D kernel sizes in CNNs for medical image segmentation by proposing RepUX-Net, which uses Bayesian frequency re-parameterization to improve kernel convergence, resulting in consistent Dice score improvements across multiple datasets, such as from 0.929 to 0.944 on FLARE.
With the inspiration of vision transformers, the concept of depth-wise convolution revisits to provide a large Effective Receptive Field (ERF) using Large Kernel (LK) sizes for medical image segmentation. However, the segmentation performance might be saturated and even degraded as the kernel sizes scaled up (e.g., $21\times 21\times 21$) in a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We hypothesize that convolution with LK sizes is limited to maintain an optimal convergence for locality learning. While Structural Re-parameterization (SR) enhances the local convergence with small kernels in parallel, optimal small kernel branches may hinder the computational efficiency for training. In this work, we propose RepUX-Net, a pure CNN architecture with a simple large kernel block design, which competes favorably with current network state-of-the-art (SOTA) (e.g., 3D UX-Net, SwinUNETR) using 6 challenging public datasets. We derive an equivalency between kernel re-parameterization and the branch-wise variation in kernel convergence. Inspired by the spatial frequency in the human visual system, we extend to vary the kernel convergence into element-wise setting and model the spatial frequency as a Bayesian prior to re-parameterize convolutional weights during training. Specifically, a reciprocal function is leveraged to estimate a frequency-weighted value, which rescales the corresponding kernel element for stochastic gradient descent. From the experimental results, RepUX-Net consistently outperforms 3D SOTA benchmarks with internal validation (FLARE: 0.929 to 0.944), external validation (MSD: 0.901 to 0.932, KiTS: 0.815 to 0.847, LiTS: 0.933 to 0.949, TCIA: 0.736 to 0.779) and transfer learning (AMOS: 0.880 to 0.911) scenarios in Dice Score.