Attention! Dynamic Epistemic Logic Models of (In)attentive Agents
This work addresses the need for more cognitively plausible models of attention in multi-agent systems for researchers in logic and AI, though it is incremental as it builds directly on prior work.
The authors tackled the problem of modeling selective attention in dynamic epistemic logic by generalizing a previous model to allow agents to attend to subsets of atomic formulas, and they introduced a new logical language that enables linear representation of event models instead of exponential growth. They achieved this by axiomatizing the logic for soundness and completeness and extending it to include default truth-values for unattended atoms to better represent inattentional blindness.
Attention is the crucial cognitive ability that limits and selects what information we observe. Previous work by Bolander et al. (2016) proposes a model of attention based on dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) where agents are either fully attentive or not attentive at all. While introducing the realistic feature that inattentive agents believe nothing happens, the model does not represent the most essential aspect of attention: its selectivity. Here, we propose a generalization that allows for paying attention to subsets of atomic formulas. We introduce the corresponding logic for propositional attention, and show its axiomatization to be sound and complete. We then extend the framework to account for inattentive agents that, instead of assuming nothing happens, may default to a specific truth-value of what they failed to attend to (a sort of prior concerning the unattended atoms). This feature allows for a more cognitively plausible representation of the inattentional blindness phenomenon, where agents end up with false beliefs due to their failure to attend to conspicuous but unexpected events. Both versions of the model define attention-based learning through appropriate DEL event models based on a few and clear edge principles. While the size of such event models grow exponentially both with the number of agents and the number of atoms, we introduce a new logical language for describing event models syntactically and show that using this language our event models can be represented linearly in the number of agents and atoms. Furthermore, representing our event models using this language is achieved by a straightforward formalisation of the aforementioned edge principles.