The Participatory Turn in AI Design: Theoretical Foundations and the Current State of Practice
This work addresses the problem of ensuring substantive stakeholder agency in AI design for researchers and practitioners, but it is incremental as it synthesizes existing knowledge rather than introducing new methods.
The paper tackles the challenge of evaluating participatory approaches in AI design by synthesizing theoretical literature and analyzing current practices, resulting in a conceptual framework and empirical findings from interviews with 12 researchers and practitioners to guide better alignment of goals and methods.
Despite the growing consensus that stakeholders affected by AI systems should participate in their design, enormous variation and implicit disagreements exist among current approaches. For researchers and practitioners who are interested in taking a participatory approach to AI design and development, it remains challenging to assess the extent to which any participatory approach grants substantive agency to stakeholders. This article thus aims to ground what we dub the "participatory turn" in AI design by synthesizing existing theoretical literature on participation and through empirical investigation and critique of its current practices. Specifically, we derive a conceptual framework through synthesis of literature across technology design, political theory, and the social sciences that researchers and practitioners can leverage to evaluate approaches to participation in AI design. Additionally, we articulate empirical findings concerning the current state of participatory practice in AI design based on an analysis of recently published research and semi-structured interviews with 12 AI researchers and practitioners. We use these empirical findings to understand the current state of participatory practice and subsequently provide guidance to better align participatory goals and methods in a way that accounts for practical constraints.