Enhancing Interpretability using Human Similarity Judgements to Prune Word Embeddings
This work addresses interpretability for NLP researchers and practitioners by providing a supervised method to align AI systems with human knowledge, though it is incremental as it builds on existing embedding and interpretability techniques.
The paper tackles the problem of improving interpretability in NLP by using human similarity judgments to prune word embeddings, resulting in a method that retains only 20-40% of original features across domains while revealing semantic insights such as gender-inclusivity in sports and taste in fruits.
Interpretability methods in NLP aim to provide insights into the semantics underlying specific system architectures. Focusing on word embeddings, we present a supervised-learning method that, for a given domain (e.g., sports, professions), identifies a subset of model features that strongly improve prediction of human similarity judgments. We show this method keeps only 20-40% of the original embeddings, for 8 independent semantic domains, and that it retains different feature sets across domains. We then present two approaches for interpreting the semantics of the retained features. The first obtains the scores of the domain words (co-hyponyms) on the first principal component of the retained embeddings, and extracts terms whose co-occurrence with the co-hyponyms tracks these scores' profile. This analysis reveals that humans differentiate e.g. sports based on how gender-inclusive and international they are. The second approach uses the retained sets as variables in a probing task that predicts values along 65 semantically annotated dimensions for a dataset of 535 words. The features retained for professions are best at predicting cognitive, emotional and social dimensions, whereas features retained for fruits or vegetables best predict the gustation (taste) dimension. We discuss implications for alignment between AI systems and human knowledge.