Low-Energy On-Device Personalization for MCUs
This addresses energy efficiency for edge devices like MCUs, enabling personalized machine learning with minimal resource use, though it is incremental as it builds on existing personalization techniques.
The paper tackles the problem of high energy consumption in on-device personalization for Microcontroller Units (MCUs) by introducing MicroT, an approach that reduces energy costs by up to 2.28X during training and 14.17% during inference while improving performance by 2.12-11.60% over existing methods.
Microcontroller Units (MCUs) are ideal platforms for edge applications due to their low cost and energy consumption, and are widely used in various applications, including personalized machine learning tasks, where customized models can enhance the task adaptation. However, existing approaches for local on-device personalization mostly support simple ML architectures or require complex local pre-training/training, leading to high energy consumption and negating the low-energy advantage of MCUs. In this paper, we introduce $MicroT$, an efficient and low-energy MCU personalization approach. $MicroT$ includes a robust, general, but tiny feature extractor, developed through self-supervised knowledge distillation, which trains a task-specific head to enable independent on-device personalization with minimal energy and computational requirements. MicroT implements an MCU-optimized early-exit inference mechanism called stage-decision to further reduce energy costs. This mechanism allows for user-configurable exit criteria (stage-decision ratio) to adaptively balance energy cost with model performance. We evaluated MicroT using two models, three datasets, and two MCU boards. $MicroT$ outperforms traditional transfer learning (TTL) and two SOTA approaches by 2.12 - 11.60% across two models and three datasets. Targeting widely used energy-aware edge devices, MicroT's on-device training requires no additional complex operations, halving the energy cost compared to SOTA approaches by up to 2.28X while keeping SRAM usage below 1MB. During local inference, MicroT reduces energy cost by 14.17% compared to TTL across two boards and two datasets, highlighting its suitability for long-term use on energy-aware resource-constrained MCUs.