Efficient Test-Time Adaptation of Vision-Language Models
This work addresses the computational inefficiency in test-time adaptation for vision-language models, which is an incremental improvement over prior methods.
The paper tackles the problem of high computational cost in test-time adaptation for vision-language models by introducing TDA, a training-free dynamic adapter that uses a key-value cache and progressive pseudo label refinement, achieving superior efficiency and effectiveness on two benchmarks.
Test-time adaptation with pre-trained vision-language models has attracted increasing attention for tackling distribution shifts during the test time. Though prior studies have achieved very promising performance, they involve intensive computation which is severely unaligned with test-time adaptation. We design TDA, a training-free dynamic adapter that enables effective and efficient test-time adaptation with vision-language models. TDA works with a lightweight key-value cache that maintains a dynamic queue with few-shot pseudo labels as values and the corresponding test-sample features as keys. Leveraging the key-value cache, TDA allows adapting to test data gradually via progressive pseudo label refinement which is super-efficient without incurring any backpropagation. In addition, we introduce negative pseudo labeling that alleviates the adverse impact of pseudo label noises by assigning pseudo labels to certain negative classes when the model is uncertain about its pseudo label predictions. Extensive experiments over two benchmarks demonstrate TDA's superior effectiveness and efficiency as compared with the state-of-the-art. The code has been released in \url{https://kdiaaa.github.io/tda/}.