Spatio-seasonal risk assessment of upward lightning at tall objects using meteorological reanalysis data
This work addresses the threat of upward lightning to wind turbines by providing a more accurate risk assessment method that incorporates meteorological conditions, though it is incremental as it applies an existing machine learning technique to a specific domain.
This study tackled the risk assessment of upward lightning at tall objects in the eastern Alps by using random forests to analyze meteorological data, finding that strong near-surface winds and terrain deflection increase risk, with seasonal shifts affecting areas like northern Italy and winter showing the best model performance coinciding with observed lightning peaks.
This study investigates lightning at tall objects and evaluates the risk of upward lightning (UL) over the eastern Alps and its surrounding areas. While uncommon, UL poses a threat, especially to wind turbines, as the long-duration current of UL can cause significant damage. Current risk assessment methods overlook the impact of meteorological conditions, potentially underestimating UL risks. Therefore, this study employs random forests, a machine learning technique, to analyze the relationship between UL measured at Gaisberg Tower (Austria) and $35$ larger-scale meteorological variables. Of these, the larger-scale upward velocity, wind speed and direction at 10 meters and cloud physics variables contribute most information. The random forests predict the risk of UL across the study area at a 1 km$^2$ resolution. Strong near-surface winds combined with upward deflection by elevated terrain increase UL risk. The diurnal cycle of the UL risk as well as high-risk areas shift seasonally. They are concentrated north/northeast of the Alps in winter due to prevailing northerly winds, and expanding southward, impacting northern Italy in the transitional and summer months. The model performs best in winter, with the highest predicted UL risk coinciding with observed peaks in measured lightning at tall objects. The highest concentration is north of the Alps, where most wind turbines are located, leading to an increase in overall lightning activity. Comprehensive meteorological information is essential for UL risk assessment, as lightning densities are a poor indicator of lightning at tall objects.