Self-Supervised Learning for Building Robust Pediatric Chest X-ray Classification Models
This addresses the challenge of building robust medical AI models for pediatric chest X-ray classification, which is incremental as it adapts existing techniques to a specific domain.
The paper tackled the problem of limited annotated pediatric chest X-ray datasets and variability in images by proposing SCC, a method combining transfer learning with self-supervised contrastive learning and contrast enhancement, resulting in out-of-distribution AUC improvements of 13.6% and 34.6% on pediatric datasets and 3.6% and 5.5% on breast cancer datasets.
Recent advancements in deep learning for Medical Artificial Intelligence have demonstrated that models can match the diagnostic performance of clinical experts in adult chest X-ray (CXR) interpretation. However, their application in the pediatric context remains limited due to the scarcity of large annotated pediatric image datasets. Additionally, significant challenges arise from the substantial variability in pediatric CXR images across different hospitals and the diverse age range of patients from 0 to 18 years. To address these challenges, we propose SCC, a novel approach that combines transfer learning with self-supervised contrastive learning, augmented by an unsupervised contrast enhancement technique. Transfer learning from a well-trained adult CXR model mitigates issues related to the scarcity of pediatric training data. Contrastive learning with contrast enhancement focuses on the lungs, reducing the impact of image variations and producing high-quality embeddings across diverse pediatric CXR images. We train SCC on one pediatric CXR dataset and evaluate its performance on two other pediatric datasets from different sources. Our results show that SCC's out-of-distribution (zero-shot) performance exceeds regular transfer learning in terms of AUC by 13.6% and 34.6% on the two test datasets. Moreover, with few-shot learning using 10 times fewer labeled images, SCC matches the performance of regular transfer learning trained on the entire labeled dataset. To test the generality of the framework, we verify its performance on three benchmark breast cancer datasets. Starting from a model trained on natural images and fine-tuned on one breast dataset, SCC outperforms the fully supervised learning baseline on the other two datasets in terms of AUC by 3.6% and 5.5% in zero-shot learning.