Language Models Encode Numbers Using Digit Representations in Base 10
This addresses a fundamental issue in LLM reliability for numerical reasoning, with implications for improving model performance on tasks involving numbers.
The paper tackled the problem of LLMs making errors on numerical tasks by investigating their internal number representations, finding that they encode numbers using individual digit representations in base 10 rather than capturing numeric values.
Large language models (LLMs) frequently make errors when handling even simple numerical problems, such as comparing two small numbers. A natural hypothesis is that these errors stem from how LLMs represent numbers, and specifically, whether their representations of numbers capture their numeric values. We tackle this question from the observation that LLM errors on numerical tasks are often distributed across the digits of the answer rather than normally around its numeric value. Through a series of probing experiments and causal interventions, we show that LLMs internally represent numbers with individual circular representations per-digit in base 10. This digit-wise representation, as opposed to a value representation, sheds light on the error patterns of models on tasks involving numerical reasoning and could serve as a basis for future studies on analyzing numerical mechanisms in LLMs.