Towards Biomarker Discovery for Early Cerebral Palsy Detection: Evaluating Explanations Through Kinematic Perturbations
This work addresses the need for clinical explainability in early cerebral palsy detection, offering insights for potential biomarker discovery, though it is incremental as it builds on existing methods.
The study tackled the lack of explainability in Graph Convolutional Network models for predicting cerebral palsy risk from infant videos by comparing two explainable AI methods through a perturbation framework, finding that velocity-driven features of arms, hips, and legs dominate predictions while angular perturbations have less impact.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a prevalent motor disability in children, for which early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes. While skeleton-based Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) models have shown promise in automatically predicting CP risk from infant videos, their "black-box" nature raises concerns about clinical explainability. To address this, we introduce a perturbation framework tailored for infant movement features and use it to compare two explainable AI (XAI) methods: Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM). First, we identify significant and non-significant body keypoints in very low- and very high-risk infant video snippets based on the XAI attribution scores. We then conduct targeted velocity and angular perturbations, both individually and in combination, on these keypoints to assess how the GCN model's risk predictions change. Our results indicate that velocity-driven features of the arms, hips, and legs have a dominant influence on CP risk predictions, while angular perturbations have a more modest impact. Furthermore, CAM and Grad-CAM show partial convergence in their explanations for both low- and high-risk CP groups. Our findings demonstrate the use of XAI-driven movement analysis for early CP prediction and offer insights into potential movement-based biomarker discovery that warrant further clinical validation.